Temporally and Spatially Distinct Thirst Satiation Signals.

For thirsty animals, fluid intake provides both satiation and pleasure of drinking. How the brain processes these factors is currently unknown. Here, we identified neural circuits underlying thirst satiation and examined their contribution to reward signals.

Dissociable dopamine dynamics for learning and motivation.

The dopamine projection from ventral tegmental area (VTA) to nucleus accumbens (NAc) is critical for motivation to work for rewards and reward-driven learning. How dopamine supports both functions is unclear. Dopamine cell spiking can encode prediction errors, which are vital learning signals in computational theories of adaptive behaviour.

Cortical thinning and flattening in schizophrenia and their unaffected parents.

Schizophrenia  is a neurodevelopmental disorder with high heritability. Widespread cortical thinning has been identified in schizophrenia, suggesting that it is a result of cortical development deficit. However, the findings of other cortical morphological indexes of patients are inconsistent, and the research on their relationship with genetic risk factors for schizophrenia is rare.

Ultrafine particle deposition in a realistic human airway at multiple inhalation scenarios.

The scarcity of regional deposition data in distal respiratory airways represents an important challenge for current toxicology and pharmacology research. To bridge this gap, a realistic airway model extending from nasal and oral openings to distal bronchial airways with varying pathway length was built in this study. Transport and deposition characteristics of naturally inhaled ultrafine particles (UFPs) ranging from 1 to 100 nm were numerically investigated, and effects of different inhalation scenarios were considered.

Examining the Impact of Imputation Errors on Fine-Mapping Using DNA Methylation QTL as a Model Trait.

Genetic variants disrupting DNA methylation at CpG dinucleotides (CpG-SNP) provide a set of known causal variants to serve as models to test fine-mapping methodology. We use 1716 CpG-SNPs to test three fine-mapping approaches (Bayesian imputation-based association mapping, Bayesian sparse linear mixed model, and the J-test), assessing the impact of imputation errors and the choice of reference panel by using both whole-genome sequence (WGS), and genotype array data on the same individuals ( = 1166). The choice of imputation reference panel had a strong effect on imputation accuracy, with the 1000 Genomes Project Phase 3 (1000G) reference panel ( = 2504 from 26 populations) giving a mean nonreference discordance rate between imputed and sequenced genotypes of 3.

Penoscrotal edema: a case report and literature review.

Background: Penoscrotal edema is typically caused by lymphatic obstruction, which can have both primary and secondary causes. Studies describing congenital penoscrotal edema are rare. Surgery can be divided into two types: The first approach involves extensive removal of diseased tissue and tissue reconstruction.

mA-induced lncRNA RP11 triggers the dissemination of colorectal cancer cells via upregulation of Zeb1.

Background: Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as critical players in cancer progression, but their functions in colorectal cancer (CRC) metastasis have not been systematically clarified.

Methods: lncRNA expression profiles in matched normal and CRC tissue were checked using microarray analysis. The biological roles of a novel lncRNA, namely RP11-138 J23.

Modulation of acetate utilization in by metabolic engineering of tolerance and metabolism.

Background: Acetate, an economical industrial chemical, which is also the precursor of acetyl-CoA, could serve as an alternative substrate for biomanufacturing. This nontraditional substrate can be widely produced from syngas via hydrolysis or pyrolysis of the cellulosic biomass, chemical or microbial catalysis, anaerobic fermentation in treated wastewater, etc. However, the toxicity of acetate to microorganisms has held back its utilization, especially for the eukaryotes that are good hosts for production of complicated pharmaceuticals or chemicals.

Flura-seq identifies organ-specific metabolic adaptations during early metastatic colonization.

Metastasis-initiating cells dynamically adapt to the distinct microenvironments of different organs, but these early adaptations are poorly understood due to the limited sensitivity of in situ transcriptomics. We developed fluorouracil-labeled RNA sequencing (Flura-seq) for in situ analysis with high sensitivity. Flura-seq utilizes cytosine deaminase (CD) to convert fluorocytosine to fluorouracil, metabolically labeling nascent RNA in rare cell populations in situ for purification and sequencing.

Author Correction: Strong indirect coupling between graphene-based mechanical resonators via a phonon cavity.

The original version of this Article contained a number of errors. As a result of this, changes have been made to both the PDF and the HTML versions of the Article. A full list of these changes is available online.

Oxytocin alters patterns of brain activity and amygdalar connectivity by age during dynamic facial emotion identification.

Aging is associated with increased difficulty in facial emotion identification, possibly due to age-related network change. The neuropeptide oxytocin (OT) facilitates emotion identification, but this is understudied in aging. To determine the effects of OT on dynamic facial emotion identification across adulthood, 46 young and 48 older participants self-administered intranasal OT or a placebo in a randomized, double-blind procedure.

The Shared and Distinct White Matter Networks Between Drug-Naive Patients With Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Schizophrenia.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and schizophrenia (SZ) as two severe mental disorders share many clinical symptoms, and have a tight association on the psychopathological level. However, the neurobiological substrates between these two diseases remain unclear. To the best of our knowledge, no study has directly compared OCD with SZ from the perspective of white matter (WM) networks.

A Novel Approach to Dysmorphology to Enhance the Phenotypic Classification of Autism Spectrum Disorder in the Study to Explore Early Development.

The presence of multiple dysmorphic features in some children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) might identify distinct ASD phenotypes and serve as potential markers for understanding causes and prognoses. To evaluate dysmorphology in ASD, children aged 3-6 years with ASD and non-ASD population controls (POP) from the Study to Explore Early Development were evaluated using a novel, systematic dysmorphology review approach. Separate analyses were conducted for non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black, and Hispanic children.

FBXO22 Suppresses Metastasis in Human Renal Cell Carcinoma via Inhibiting MMP-9-Mediated Migration and Invasion and VEGF-Mediated Angiogenesis.

F-box only protein 22 (FBXO22), a substrate receptor of the SKP1-Cullin 1-F-box protein (SCF) E3 ubiquitin ligase that targets key regulators of cellular activities for ubiquitylation and degradation, plays important roles in the progression of human cancer. However, little is known about the role of FBXO22 in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). This study aims to explore the biological function of FBXO22 in RCC progression and its specific regulation mechanism.

Different Bactericidal and Inflammatory Activities of Human and Mouse Blood.

We performed side-by-side experiments to compare the behavior of four strains of Escherichia coli and one strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in fresh human and mouse blood. Bacteria were multiplied in mouse whole blood and plasma but were killed in human whole blood and plasma. The percentage of granulocytes associated with fluorescence-labeled heat-killed E coli relative to total leukocytes counted was higher in human compared to mouse blood as assessed by flow cytometry analysis.

Carrier dynamics in silicon nanowires studied via femtosecond transient optical spectroscopy from 1.1 to 3.5 eV.

We present femtosecond transient transmission (or absorbance) measurements in silicon nanowires in the energy range 1.1-3.5 eV, from below the indirect band-gap to above the direct band-gap.

Prevalence of cerebral palsy, intellectual disability, hearing loss, and blindness, National Health Interview Survey, 2009-2016.

Background: Developmental disabilities are present in a significant proportion of US children. Surveillance of developmental disabilities is crucial for monitoring population trends, guiding research into risk factors, and informing resource allocation.

Objective/hypothesis: We examined overall prevalence, prevalence by demographic characteristics, and trends over time for cerebral palsy (CP), intellectual disability (ID), moderate to severe hearing loss (MSHL), and blindness.

[Preliminary experience of dual-port laparoscopic distal gastrectomy for gastric cancer].

Objective: To evaluate the short-term efficacy and cosmetic effect of dual-port laparoscopic distal gastrectomy (DPLDG) for gastric cancer.

Methods: Thirty consecutive patients underwent DPLDG at the Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital from November 2016 to August 2018.

Inclusion Criteria: (1) age of 18 to 75 years; (2) primary gastric adenocarcinoma confirmed pathologically by endoscopic biopsy; (3) tumor located at middle-low stomach and planned for distal gastrectomy; (4) cT1b-2N0-1M0 at preoperative staging; (5) tumor diameter ≤3 cm; (6) US Eastern Cancer Cooperative Group(ECOG) score 0 to 1 points; (7) American Society of Anesthesiologists grade I to II; (8) perioperative management based on enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) principle.

Correlation of regional deposition dosage for inhaled nanoparticles in human and rat olfactory.

Background: Nose-to-brain transport of airborne ultrafine particles (UFPs) via the olfactory pathway has been verified as a possible route for particle translocation into the brain. The exact relationship between increased airborne toxicant exposure and neurological deterioration in the human central nervous system, is still unclear. However, the nasal olfactory is undoubtedly a critical junction where the time course and toxicant dose dependency might be inferred.

Spatial patterns and effects of air pollution and meteorological factors on hospitalization for chronic lung diseases in Beijing, China.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), lung cancer (LC) and tuberculosis (TB) are common chronic lung diseases that generate a large disease burden and significant health care resource use in China. The aim of this study was to quantify spatial patterns and effects of air pollution and meteorological factors on hospitalization of COPD, LC and TB in Beijing. Daily counts of hospitalization for 2010 were obtained from the Beijing Urban Employees Basic Medical Insurance (UEBMI) system.

Fate of the inhaled smoke particles from fire scenes in the nasal airway of a realistic firefighter: A simulation study.

Understanding the inhalation, transport and deposition of smoke particles during fire missions are important to evaluating the health risks for firefighters. In this study, measurements from Underwriters Laboratories' large-scale fire experiments on smoke particle size distribution and concentration in three residential fire scenes were incorporated into models to investigate the fate of inhaled toxic ultrafine particulates in a realistic firefighter nasal cavity model. Deposition equations were developed, and the actual particle dosimetry (in mass, number and surface area) was evaluated.