5 km front crawl in pool and open water swimming: breath-by-breath energy expenditure and kinematic analysis.

Purpose: Breath-by-breath energy expenditure during open water swimming has not yet been explored in an ecological environment. This study aimed to investigate and compare energetics and kinematics of 5 km swimming, in both swimming pool and open water conditions.

Methods: Through four independent studies, oxygen uptake ([Formula: see text]) kinetics, heart rate (HR), blood lactate concentration ([La]) and glucose level (BGL), metabolic power ([Formula: see text]), energy cost (C) and kinematics were assessed during 5 km front crawl trials in a swimming pool and open water conditions.

Molecular Basis of Citrus sunki Susceptibility and Poncirus trifoliata Resistance Upon Phytophthora parasitica Attack.

Coevolution has shaped the molecular basis of an extensive number of defense mechanisms in plant-pathogen interactions. Phytophthora parasitica, a hemibiothrophic oomycete pathogen and the causal agent of citrus root rot and gummosis, interacts differently with Citrus sunki and Poncirus trifoliata, two commonly favored citrus rootstocks that are recognized as susceptible and resistant, respectively, to P. parasitica.