Autophagy in Virus Infection: A Race between Host Immune Response and Viral Antagonism.

Virus-infected cells trigger a robust innate immune response and facilitate virus replication. Here, we review the role of autophagy in virus infection, focusing on both pro-viral and anti-viral host responses using a select group of viruses. Autophagy is a cellular degradation pathway operated at the basal level to maintain homeostasis and is induced by external stimuli for specific functions.

Autophagic degradation of IRF3 induced by the small-molecule auranofin inhibits its transcriptional and proapoptotic activities.

The ubiquitously expressed transcription factor interferon (IFN) regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) is critical for the induction of antiviral genes, e.g., type-I IFN.

Sex moderates the relationship between resting heart rate variability and self-reported difficulties in emotion regulation.

Lower resting vagally mediated heart rate variability (HRV) is thought to reflect poorer function of the neurophysiological pathways underlying emotion regulation (ER) and thus, poorer ER abilities. Sex differences in resting HRV exists such that women typically exhibit higher resting HRV than men. It is proposed that greater HRV in women reflects compensation for greater negative affect such as anxiety and depression.