5-HT1A Receptors Mediate Analgesia Induced by Emulsified Sevoflurane in Thermal Nociception but Have Little Effect on Chemical Nociception.

Objective: The study aimed to investigate the relationship between the analgesic effect of sevoflurane and 5-serotonin receptor 1A (5-HT1A R) in the spinal cords of mice.

Methods: Analgesic mouse models were established by intraperitoneal injection of emulsified sevoflurane, and the influence of p-MPPF (a specific antagonist of 5-HT1A Rs) intrathecal injection on the changes in tail-flick latency in tail-withdrawal test, pain threshold in hot-plate test (HPPT), and writhing times in acetic acid-induced writhing test were recorded.

Results: Intraperitoneal injection of emulsified sevoflurane alone produced an analgesic effect (p < 0.

Intrathecal L-arginine reduces the antinociception of sevoflurane in formalin-induced pain in rats.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the contribution of spinal nitric oxide (NO) to the antinociceptive effects of emulsified sevoflurane in rats. Formalin tests were used to assess the nociceptive response. Immunohistochemistry was performed to determine the effects of emulsified sevoflurane on formalin-induced changes of Fos-like immunoreactive (Fos-LI)-positive neurons in the spinal cord.

Effects of isoflurane inhalation on the male reproductive system in rats.

The 15-day intact adult male assay was used to evaluate effects of isoflurane on the testes and sexual hormones. Forty adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into five groups exposed to air containing 0, 50, 300, 1800 or 10,800 ppm isoflurane. After the treatments, serum was collected for the hormones assay.

Involvement of kainate receptors in the analgesic but not hypnotic effects induced by inhalation anesthetics.

In the present study, the role of kainate (KA) receptors in hypnosis and analgesia induced by emulsified inhalation anesthetics was investigated. A mouse model of hypnosis and analgesia was established by an intraperitoneal injection of emulsified enflurane, isoflurane or sevoflurane. We intracerebroventricularly (icv) or intrathecally (it) administered KA, a KA receptor agonist to mice.

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors mediate the hypnotic and analgesic effects of emulsified inhalation anesthetics.

This study was designed to investigate the role of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in hypnosis and analgesia induced by emulsified inhalation anesthetics. After having established the mice model of hypnosis and analgesia by intraperitoneal injections of appropriate doses of enflurane, isoflurane or sevoflurane, we intracerebroventricularly or intrathecally injected different doses of nicotine and then observed the effects on the sleeping time using awaken test and the pain threshold in hot-plate test (HPPT) using hot-plate test. In the awaken test, 10, 20 and 40 microg of nicotine (intracerebroventricularly) significantly decreased the sleeping time of the mice treated with the three emulsified inhalation anesthetics mentioned above (P < 0.

[Effects of combination of midazolam and propofol on anterograde amnesia in critical patients].

Objective: To observe the effects of sedation with midazolam and propofol on anterograde amnesia in critical patients.

Methods: Sixty selected patients on mechanical ventilation in intensive care unit (ICU) were randomly divided into three subgroups (propofol, midazolam, and midazolam and propofol combination group), with 20 cases in each group. Patients who were awakened from sedation were showed with a card depicted with different colors, figures and numbers.

[Effect of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid receptor on focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats].

This study is to investigate the effect of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid receptor (GHBR) on focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats and its mechanism. NCS-356 (the agonist of GHBR) and NCS-382 (the antagonist of GHBR) were adopted as the tool medicine. The ripe male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 240 - 280 g were randomly divided into seven groups: sham operation group (sham), ischemia-reperfusion group (Isc/R), NCS-356 160 microg x kg(-1) group (N1), NCS-356 320 microg x kg(-1) group (N2), NCS-356 640 microg x kg(-1) group (N3), NCS-382 640 microg x kg(-1) + NCS-356 640 microg x kg(-1) group (NCS-382 + N3), and nimodipine (Nim) 600 microg x kg(-1) group.

Spinal alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors may mediate the analgesic effects of emulsified halogenated anaesthetics.

1. The present study was designed to investigate the relationship between spinal cord alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors and the analgesic effects of emulsified halogenated anaesthetics. 2.

Involvement of local orphanin FQ in the tolerance induced by repeated microinjections of morphine into ventrolateral periaqueductal gray in rats.

The present study evaluated the role of ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (vlPAG)-located orphanin-FQ (OFQ) in the opioid tolerance induced by repeated microinjections of morphine (MOR) into vlPAG. Microinjection of MOR (5 microg/0.5 microl) into vlPAG caused antinociception as quantified with the tail flick and the hot plate tests.

Strychnine-sensitive glycine receptors mediate the analgesic but not hypnotic effects of emulsified volatile anesthetics.

The present study was designed to investigate the role of strychnine-sensitive glycine receptors in hypnosis and analgesia induced by emulsified volatile anesthetics. After having established the mice model of hypnosis and analgesia by intraperitoneally injecting (i.p.

Strychnine-sensitive glycine receptors mediate analgesia induced by emulsified inhalation anaesthetics in thermal nociception but not in chemical nociception.

The present study was designed to investigate the role of strychnine-sensitive glycine receptors in analgesia induced by emulsified inhalation anaesthetics. After having established the mice model of analgesia by intraperitoneal or subcutaneous injections of appropriate doses of ether, enflurane, isoflurane or sevoflurane, we injected different doses of strychnine intrathecally and then observed the effects on the tail-flick latency using the tail-withdrawal test and the writhing times and acetic acid-induced writhing test. In the tail-withdrawal test, all four emulsified inhalation anaesthetics (intraperitoneally) significantly increased the tail-flick latency (P < 0.

Involvement of local orphanin FQ in the development of analgesic tolerance induced by morphine microinjections into the dorsal raphe nucleus of rats.

It is well known that dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) is one of the key structures for the development of opioid analgesia and tolerance. An increased activity of 'antiopioids' like orphanin-FQ (OFQ) has been proposed as a possible mechanism for opioid tolerance. The present study evaluates the role of DRN-located OFQ in the opioid analgesic tolerance induced by repeated microinjections of morphine (MOR) into DRN.

Spinal N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors may mediate the analgesic effects of emulsified halogenated anesthetics.

The present study was designed to investigate the relationship between spinal cord N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors and the analgesic effects of emulsified halogenated anesthetics. After having established the mouse model of analgesia by intraperitoneally or subcutaneously injecting appropriate doses of emulsified enflurane, isoflurane or sevoflurane, we intrathecally injected different doses of NMDA and then observed the effects on the pain threshold using the hot-plate test and the acetic acid-induced writhing test. The results showed that intrathecal injection of NMDA (2.

GABAA receptor partially mediated propofol-induced hyperalgesia at superspinal level and analgesia at spinal cord level in rats.

Aim: To observe effects of propofol on nociceptive response at superspinal and spinal level in rats.

Methods: Two hundreds and fifty-eight Sprague-Dawley male rats were randomized into thirty-two groups. Propofol and bicuculline were microinjected into lateral ventricle (icv), ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (vlPAG), intrathecal (ith), and intraperitoneal (ip).

[The protective effects of melatonin on global cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in gerbils].

Aim: To investigate the effects of melatonin (MT) on histology and behavioral tests during global cerebral ischemia-reperfusion in gerbils.

Methods: Global cerebral ischemia was induced by occluding the bilateral common carotid arteries for 10 min in gerbils. Three doses of MT were administrated intraperitoneally 30 min prior to the onset of ischemia.

[Propofol depresses c -fos expression of NOS neurons in the spinal cord of rats with inflammatory pain].

In formalin pain model, the effect of propofol on Fos expression in the spinal cord was examined by means of c -fos oncogene immunohistochemistry and NADPH-d histochemistry. Fos-like immunoreactive (FLI) neurons were mainly found in the ipsilateral dorsal horn after injection of formalin, some of which were FLI/NOS double-labeled neurons. Most of the FLI or FLI/NOS double-labeled neurons were observed in the medial part of lamina and the outer lamina .