Definitions, theories, and measurement of stress in children.

Problem: Stress in children remains a complex concept to examine due to the inherent subjectivity and lack of specific manifestations, as well as the multiple ways stress can be defined and measured in children. Because stress is multifactorial,is experienced daily by children, and undergirds adolescent health and early mental illness, it is crucial to have a clear understanding of stress and the effects of stress in children from infancy through age twelve years.

Eligibility Criteria: To be included in this review, literature must pertain to and highlight theories, definitions/classifications, and measurements of stress in children from infancy to 12 years of age.

Inclusion of Effect Size Measures and Clinical Relevance in Research Papers.

Background: There are multiple issues that arise when researchers focus on and only report "statistical significance" of study findings. An important element that is often not included in reports is a discussion of clinical relevance.

Objectives: The authors address issues related to significance, the use of effect sizes, confidence or credible intervals, and the inclusion of clinical relevance in reports of research findings.

Challenges and strategies of early career nurse scientists when the traditional postdoctoral fellowship is not an option.

Purpose: The purpose of this article is to discuss challenges and strategies related to maintaining a program of research for early career nurse scientists. Nurse scientists who do not complete a traditional postdoctoral fellowship or who work in low research-resourced institutions may struggle with research collaboration and development.

Principal Results: Specific challenges experienced by nurse scientists in early career development included: advanced age at the completion of the research doctorate, gender roles and research careers, sustainable work-life balance, employment in low research-resourced institutions, and time.

Surgical Treatment of Lung Cancer.

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death and the second most diagnosed cancer in the United States. Surgical intervention is most applicable to early-stage lung cancer diagnoses and considered the best curative option. Multiple surgical techniques are now available, including wedge resection, segmentectomy, lobectomy, and pneumonectomy.

The Influence of Psychological Stress, Depressive Symptoms, and Cortisol on Body Mass and Central Adiposity in 10- to-12-Year-Old Children.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of psychological stress and depressive symptoms on body mass and central adiposity in 10-to-12-year-old children and to determine the mediating role of cortisol in the relationships among psychological stress, depressive symptoms, body mass, or central adiposity.

Design And Methods: The convenience sample included 147 children (84 females; 63 males) who were recruited from one middle school and three elementary schools in a rural area of a southeastern state. Height, weight, waist circumference (WC), and salivary cortisol were measured.