ElectroRetinoGraphy toward an exploration of the therapeutic potential of antidepressants in patients with major depressive disorder: A scoping review of the literature.

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is characterized by at least one major depressive episode. It requires medical attention typically involving the prescription of antidepressants. Remission in MDD patients is often difficult to achieve because of the limited effectiveness of these drugs.

Association between alcohol use and retinal dysfunctions in patients with alcohol use disorder: A window on GABA, glutamate, and dopamine modulations.

Background: Alcohol is the most widely consumed addictive substance around the world and have deleterious effect on the central nervous system. Alcohol consumption affect the balance of certain neurotransmitters like GABA, glutamate and dopamine. The retina provides an easy means of investigating dysfunctions of synaptic transmission in the brain.

Association between retinal and cortical visual electrophysiological impairments in schizophrenia.

Background: Electrophysiological impairments in the magnocellular visual system have been reported among patients with schizophrenia, but previous theories proposed that these deficits may begin in the retina. We therefore sought to evaluate the potential contribution of the retina by comparing retinal and cortical visual electrophysiological impairments between patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls.

Methods: We recruited patients with schizophrenia and age- and sex-matched healthy controls.

Crossed clinical features between eating disorders and types of bipolar disorder: Results from the FondaMental Advanced Centers of Expertise - Bipolar Disorder cohort.

Background: Eating disorders (EDs) are liable to alter the disease course of bipolar disorder (BD). We explored the crossed clinical features between EDs and BD, particularly as a function of BD type (BD1 vs. BD2).

Variations of retinal dysfunctions with the level of cannabis use in regular users: Toward a better understanding of cannabis use pathophysiology.

The impact of regular cannabis use on retinal function has already been studied using flash (fERG) and pattern (PERG) electroretinogram. Delayed ganglion and bipolar cells responses were observed as showed by increased peak time of PERG N95 and fERG b-wave recorded in photopic condition. Hypoactivity of amacrine cells was also showed by decreased amplitudes of oscillatory potentials (OPs).

Bipolar disorders and retinal electrophysiological markers (BiMAR): Study protocol for a comparison of electroretinogram measurements between subjects with bipolar disorder and a healthy control group.

Background: Bipolar disorders (BD) is a common, chronic and disabling psychiatric condition. In addition to being characterized by significant clinical heterogeneity, notable disturbances of sleep and cognitive function are frequently observed in all phases of the disease. Currently, there is no readily available biomarker in current clinical practice to help diagnose or predict the disease course.

Retinal markers of therapeutic responses in major depressive disorder: Effects of antidepressants on retinal function.

Background: One goal of research into major depressive disorder (MDD) is to develop markers to predict and monitor the response to psychotropic treatments. The retina is endowed with a complex neurotransmission system, composed of the main neurotransmitters involved in the pathophysiology of MDD. The retina is therefore a relevant site of investigation for the identification of reliable and robust markers.

Visual electrophysiology and neuropsychology in bipolar disorders: A review on current state and perspectives.

Bipolar disorder is a lifelong condition. Today, there is a urgent need to find indicators of the disease. Specifically, they could be useful to improve the diagnosis and the early detection, the prognosis, to estimate the treatment response and to create homogeneous subgroups of patients based on similar pathophysiological mechanisms.

Retinal electroretinogram features can detect depression state and treatment response in adults: A machine learning approach.

Background: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a major public health problem. The retina is a relevant site to indirectly study brain functioning. Alterations in retinal processing were demonstrated in MDD with the pattern electroretinogram (PERG).

Using retinal electrophysiology toward precision psychiatry.

Precision medicine in psychiatry is based on the identification of homogeneous subgroups of patients with the help of biosignatures-sets of biomarkers-in order to enhance diagnosis, stratification of patients, prognosis, evaluation, and prediction of treatment response. Within the broad domain of biomarker discovery, we propose retinal electrophysiology as a tool for identification of biosignatures. The retina is a window to the brain and provides an indirect access to brain functioning in psychiatric disorders.

Altered central vision and amacrine cells dysfunction as marker of hypodopaminergic activity in treated patients with schizophrenia.

Background: Retinal dysfunction is widely documented in schizophrenia using flash (fERG) and pattern electroretinograms (PERG), but the role of dopamine transmission has seldom been explored.

Methods: We explored the role of dopamine transmission by evaluating the spatial location of retinal anomalies using multifocal ERG (mfERG) in photopic condition and the oscillatory potentials (OPs) extracted from fERG measured in scotopic condition in 29 patients with schizophrenia and 29 healthy controls.

Results: With the mfERG, our main results revealed reduced amplitudes in the center of the retina: P1 (p < .

Impaired P100 among regular cannabis users in response to magnocellular biased visual stimuli.

Regular cannabis using causes vision impairment by affecting human retinal neurotransmission. However, studies less considered its impact on the subsequent visual cortical processing, key feature for the integration of the visual signal in brain. We aimed at investigating this purpose in regular cannabis users using spatial frequencies and temporal frequencies filtered visual stimuli.

Complete evaluation of retinal function in Major Depressive Disorder: From central slowdown to hyperactive periphery.

Background: Developing easy-to-access biomarkers is crucial in Major Depressive Disorder. The retina has already been suggested as relevant. However, there is a need for a global and local assessment of whole retinal function using a reproducible, standardized protocol allowing for comparison across studies.

Portable light therapy in the treatment of unipolar non-seasonal major depressive disorder: study protocol for the LUMIDEP randomised controlled trial.

Introduction: Major depressive disorder (MDD) affects more than 264 million people worldwide and is associated with an impaired quality of life as well as a higher risk of mortality. Current routine treatments demonstrate limited effectiveness. Light therapy (LT) on its own or in combination with antidepressant treatments could be an effective treatment, but the use of conventional LT devices use is restrictive.

Clinical features and outcomes of COVID-19 patients hospitalized for psychiatric disorders: a French multi-centered prospective observational study.

Background: Patients with psychiatric disorders are exposed to high risk of COVID-19 and increased mortality. In this study, we set out to assess the clinical features and outcomes of patients with current psychiatric disorders exposed to COVID-19.

Methods: This multi-center prospective study was conducted in 22 psychiatric wards dedicated to COVID-19 inpatients between 28 February and 30 May 2020.

Retinal dysfunctions in regular tobacco users: The retina as a window to the reward circuit in addictive disorders.

The nicotine contained in tobacco is a neuromodulator which affects neurotransmission within the brain. The retina is an easy way to study central synaptic transmission dysfunctions in neuropsychiatric disorders. The purpose of this study is to assess the impact of regular tobacco use on retinal function using pattern (PERG), flash (fERG) and multifocal (mfERG) electroretinogram (ERG).

Delayed on- and off-retinal responses of cones pathways in regular cannabis users: An On-Off flash electroretinogram case-control study.

The retina is considered a useful area for investigating synaptic transmission abnormalities in neuropsychiatric disorders, including as a result of using cannabis, the most widely consumed illicit substance in the developed world. The impact of regular cannabis use on retinal function has already been evaluated, using pattern and flash electroretinogram (ERG) to demonstrate a delay in ganglion and bipolar cell response. Using multifocal ERG, it was showed that the delay to be preferentially located in the central retina.

Retinal ganglion cell dysfunction is correlated with disturbed visual cognition in schizophrenia patients with visual hallucinations.

Patients with schizophrenia have altered visual cognition and retinal functions. No studies have explored if retinal anomalies are related to visual cognition and the presence of visual hallucinations (VH). We explored functional responses of the retinal ganglion cells in schizophrenia patients with or without VH and conducted a neuropsychological evaluation to explore the links between cognition and retinal function.

Retinal dysfunctions in a patient with a clinical high risk for psychosis and severe visual disturbances: A single case report.

Aim: Psychosis can be preceded by a clinical high risk for psychosis (CHR) and visual anomalies are predictors of transition to psychosis. Visual retinal processing is altered in psychosis, but no study has explored the links between visual symptoms and retinal functions in CHR patients. We report here the case of NR, an antipsychotic-naive young adult with CHR and severe visual symptoms in whom we explored the retinal function.

Oscillatory potentials abnormalities in regular cannabis users: Amacrine cells dysfunction as a marker of central dopaminergic modulation.

Background: Cannabis is a neuromodulating substance that acts on central synaptic transmission. Regular cannabis use induces a decreased capacity for dopamine synthesis in the brain. The retina is considered an easy means of investigating dysfunctions of synaptic transmission in the brain.