Food-grade titanium dioxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles induce toxicity and cardiac damage after oral exposure in rats.

Background: Metallic nanoparticles (NPs) are widely used as food additives for human consumption. NPs reach the bloodstream given their small size, getting in contact with all body organs and cells. NPs have adverse effects on the respiratory and intestinal tract; however, few studies have focused on the toxic consequences of orally ingested metallic NPs on the cardiovascular system.

Accuracy and Radiation Dose Reduction of Limited-Range CT in the Evaluation of Acute Appendicitis in Pediatric Patients.

Objective: The purpose of this article is to determine the accuracy and radiation dose reduction of limited-range CT prescribed from the top of L2 to the top of the pubic symphysis in children with suspected acute appendicitis.

Materials And Methods: We performed a retrospective study of 210 consecutive pediatric patients from December 11, 2012, through December 11, 2014, who underwent abdominopelvic CT for suspected acute appendicitis. Two radiologists independently reviewed the theoretic limited scans from the superior L2 vertebral body to the top of the pubic symphysis, to assess for visualization of the appendix, acute appendicitis, alternative diagnoses, and incidental findings.

Congenital Clavicular Pseudoarthosis-How to Differentiate It From the More Common Clavicular Fractures.

Congenital pseudoarthrosis of the clavicle is a rare entity that can be confused for a traumatic injury. We present 4 cases of congenital clavicular pseudoarthrosis and discuss its imaging findings that can help differentiate it from the more common clavicular facture. We also reviewed its epidemiology, embryology, and management based on available and most recent literature.

Diffuse periventricular calcification and brain atrophy: A case of neonatal central nervous system cytomegalovirus infection.

TORCH refers to the most common congenitally acquired infections: toxoplasma, rubella, cytomegalovirus, and herpes simplex virus. Neonatal cytomegalovirus infection remains a common cause of congenital infection worldwide with effects ranging from hearing impairment to significant neurological morbidity. We report a case of a term neonate with ventriculomegaly on prenatal ultrasound who presented with low birth weight, small head circumference, hepatosplenomegaly, and purpuric rash on physical exam.

Sonography of Abdominal Pain in Children: Appendicitis and Its Common Mimics.

Abdominal pain is very common in the pediatric population (<18 years of age). Sonography is a safe modality that can often differentiate the frequently encountered causes of abdominal pain in children. This pictorial essay will discuss the sonographic findings of acute appendicitis, including the imaging appearance of a perforated appendicitis.

Characteristics of Rib Fractures in Child Abuse-The Role of Low-Dose Chest Computed Tomography.

Objectives: Our aim is to describe the radiologic characteristics of rib fractures in clinically diagnosed cases of child abuse and suggest a complementary imaging for radiographically occult injuries in highly suspicious cases of child abuse.

Methods: Retrospective analysis of initial and follow-up skeletal surveys and computed tomography (CT) scans of 16 patients younger than 12 months were reviewed after obtaining approval from our institutional review board. The number, location, displacement, and age of the rib fractures were recorded.

The role of high-resolution chest CT in the diagnosis of neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia of infancy - A rare form of pediatric interstitial lung disease.

Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is rare in infancy or early childhood. Differentiating between the different types of ILD is important for reasons of treatment, monitoring of clinical course and prognosis. We present a case of a 5-month old female with tachypnea and hypoxemia.

Follow-up barium study after a negative water-soluble contrast examination for suspected esophageal leak: is it necessary?

The purpose of this study was to determine the value of follow-up barium esophogram in diagnosing esophageal injury or leak if the initial water-soluble contrast examination of the esophagus is normal. An institutional review board (IRB)-approved retrospective review of all pediatric patients less than 18 years old referred to the radiology department for evaluation of esophageal injury or leak was performed for a 9-year period from 2005 to 2014. The majority of patients had unexplained pneumomediastinum, chest trauma (gunshot or puncture wound), or foreign body ingestion as the reason for the referral.

Malignant renal tumors in children.

Renal malignancies are common in children. While the majority of malignant renal masses are secondary to Wilms tumor, it can be challenging to distinguish from more aggressive renal masses. For suspicious renal lesions, it is crucial to ensure prompt diagnosis in order to select the appropriate surgical procedure and treatment.

Nonsurgical management of childhood intussusception: retrospective comparison between sonographic and fluoroscopic guidance.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of sonography and fluoroscopy in guiding intussusception reduction and evaluate possible complications for each procedure.

Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed by reviewing 31 cases of intussusception diagnosed and managed between January 2009 and January 2014 at the University of California, Davis Children's Hospital, after obtaining approval from the Institutional Review Board. To eliminate other confounding factors related to technique and experience, only cases performed by 2 pediatric radiologists who exclusively used either fluoroscopy or sonography were compared.

CT of the chest in suspected child abuse using submillisievert radiation dose.

The cornerstone of child abuse imaging is the skeletal survey, but initial imaging with radiographs may not demonstrate acute and non-displaced fractures, especially those involving the ribs. Given the high mortality of undiagnosed non-accidental trauma, timely diagnosis is crucial. CT is more sensitive in assessing rib fractures; however the effective radiation dose of a standard chest CT is high.

WARM N COLD: malignant and benign renal tumors in children.

Although Wilms tumor is the most common renal malignancy in children, the differential diagnosis is extensive and includes both malignant and benign disorders. We present a simple mnemonic-WARM N COLD, to aid in remembering these diverse tumors. Imaging clues including age of the patient, associated disease or syndrome as well as salient imaging characteristics such as bilaterality, and type or presence of metastasis are also presented and can help differentiate between these renal tumors of childhood.

MR imaging of pediatric trauma.

Although plain radiography remains the most important and cost-effective imaging for screening and characterizing osseous injuries, it has been well recognized that pediatric fractures can occur without radiographic abnormalities. The superb capability of MR imaging in demonstrating marrow edema, cartilage defects, and soft tissue injuries makes it an essential adjunct in the further evaluation of trauma to the growing skeleton. The key MR imaging findings of growth plate injuries, stress fractures, avulsion injuries, osteochondritis dissecans, transient patellar dislocation, and soft tissue injuries are described in this article.

Diffuse peritoneal lymphomatosis: atypical presentation of Burkitt lymphoma.

Burkitt lymphoma presenting as a peritoneal and small thickening problem mimicking carcinomatosis is very rare. We present a previously healthy 7-year-old boy with a 1-week history of worsening abdominal distention, vomiting and melena. He demonstrated liver nodules, but no pathologic chest or abdominal adenopathy was present.