The Impact of Health and Education on Labor Force Participation in Aging Societies: Projections for the United States and Germany from Dynamic Microsimulations.

We project the labor force in the United States to 2060 and contrast the outcomes with comparative projections for Germany. In both countries, the population will age, but the demographic dynamics are fundamentally different. According to our dynamic microsimulations, the labor force in the U.

Electrical monitoring of organic crystal phase transition using MoS field effect transistor.

Hybrid van der Waals heterostructures made of 2D materials and organic molecules exploit the high sensitivity of 2D materials to all interfacial modifications and the inherent versatility of the organic compounds. In this study, we are interested in the quinoidal zwitterion/MoS hybrid system in which organic crystals are grown by epitaxy on the MoS surface and reorganize in another polymorph after thermal annealing. By means of field-effect transistor measurements recorded all along the process, atomic force microscopy and density functional theory calculations we demonstrate that the charge transfer between quinoidal zwitterions and MoS strongly depends on the conformation of the molecular film.

On-surface chemistry using local high electric fields.

Dihydrotetraazapentacene (DHTAP) molecules can be dehydrogenated on the surface to form tetraazapentacene (TAP), by applying a high electric field between the tip of a scanning tunnelling microscope (STM) and a metallic substrate in the zero-current limit. The method can be applied either to single molecules or more extended layers by successively scanning a selected area using an STM tip.

A one-dimensional high-order commensurate phase of tilted molecules.

We report on the formation of a high-order commensurate (HOC) structure of 5,14-dihydro-5,7,12,14-tetraazapentacene (DHTAP) molecules on the highly corrugated Cu(110)-(2 × 1)O surface. Scanning tunnelling microscopy shows that the DHTAP molecules form a periodic uniaxial arrangement in which groups of seven molecules are distributed over exactly nine substrate lattice spacings along the [1̄10] direction. DFT-calculations reveal that this peculiar arrangement is associated with different tilting of the seven DHTAP molecules within the quasi one-dimensional HOC unit cell.

The growing American health penalty: International trends in the employment of older workers with poor health.

Many countries have reduced the generosity of sickness and disability programs while making them more activating - yet few studies have examined how employment rates have subsequently changed. We present estimates of how employment rates of older workers with poor health in 13 high-income countries changed 2004-7 to 2012-15 using HRS/SHARE/ELSA data. We find that those in poor health in the USA have experienced a unique deterioration: they have not only seen a widening gap to the employment rates of those with good health, but their employment rates fell per se.

Publisher's Note: Si Nanoribbons on Ag(110) Studied by Grazing-Incidence X-Ray Diffraction, Scanning Tunneling Microscopy, and Density-Functional Theory: Evidence of a Pentamer Chain Structure [Phys. Rev. Lett. 117, 276102 (2016)].

This corrects the article DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.117.

Si Nanoribbons on Ag(110) Studied by Grazing-Incidence X-Ray Diffraction, Scanning Tunneling Microscopy, and Density-Functional Theory: Evidence of a Pentamer Chain Structure.

We report a combined grazing incidence x-ray diffraction (GIXD), scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), and density-functional theory (DFT) study which clearly elucidates the atomic structure of the Si nanoribbons grown on the missing-row reconstructed Ag(110) surface. Our study allows us to discriminate between the theoretical models published in the literature, including the most stable atomic configurations and those based on a missing-row reconstructed Ag(110) surface. GIXD measurements unambiguously validate the pentamer model grown on the reconstructed surface, obtained from DFT.

Optical and morphological properties of thin films of bis-pyrenyl π-conjugated molecules.

1,4-Di-n-octyloxy-2,5-bis(pyren-1-ylethenyl)benzene (bis-pyrene) has been studied by the means of surface cavity ring-down (s-CRD) spectroscopy on an amorphous BK7 glass substrate and scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) on Au(111). Absorption spectra show a modification of the optical properties as a function of coverage, i.e.

Highly ordered molecular films on Au(111): the N-heteroacene approach.

This study presents an innovative synthesis of dihydrotetraazapentacene (DHTAP) and the scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) investigation of the initial stages of its growth on Au(111). We were able to demonstrate that, up to the fourth monolayer, the DHTAP films show a high structural order and growths in perfect epitaxy. This behavior can be unequivocally attributed to the stabilizing effect of intralayer hydrogen bonding interactions.

Atomic structures of silicene layers grown on Ag(111): scanning tunneling microscopy and noncontact atomic force microscopy observations.

Silicene, the considered equivalent of graphene for silicon, has been recently synthesized on Ag(111) surfaces. Following the tremendous success of graphene, silicene might further widen the horizon of two-dimensional materials with new allotropes artificially created. Due to stronger spin-orbit coupling, lower group symmetry and different chemistry compared to graphene, silicene presents many new interesting features.

Conductance fluctuations in gold point contacts: an atomistic picture.

This paper concerns an experimental and theoretical study of the transition between two consecutive conductance plateaus as obtained in breaking gold contact experiments. The experimental measurements performed at 100 K with a scanning tunneling microscope and variable elongation speeds show that the transitions between consecutive plateaus can appear in the conductance traces as an abrupt conductance step, a smooth quasicontinuous change or as large amplitude conductance fluctuations. The theoretical calculations based on a non-orthogonal tight-binding Hamiltonian have shown that for a given deformation there are several structures having close and competing energies.

Controlling the charge state of a single redox molecular switch.

Scanning tunneling microscopy and dynamic force microscopy in the noncontact mode are used in combination to investigate the reversible switching between two stable states of a copper complex adsorbed on a NaCl bilayer grown on Cu(111). The molecular conformation in these two states is deduced from scanning tunneling microscopy imaging, while their charge is characterized by the direct measurement of the tip-molecule electrostatic force. These measurements demonstrate that the molecular bistability is achieved through a charge-induced rearrangement of the coordination sphere of the metal complex, qualifying this system as a new electromechanical single-molecular switch.

Are conductance plateaus independent events in atomic point contact measurements? A statistical approach.

Conductance-elongation curves of gold atomic wires are measured using a scanning tunneling microscope break junction technique at room temperature. Landauer's conductance plateaus are individually identified and statistically analyzed. Both the probabilities to observe and the lengths of the two last plateaus (at conductance values close to 2e(2)/h and 4e(2)/h) are studied.