Surgical removal of intra-articular loose bodies from the cervical articular process joints in 5 horses.

Objective: To describe the surgical removal of intra-articular loose bodies (LBs) from the cervical articular process joints (APJs) in five horses and to describe the outcome of the surgery.

Study Design: Short case series.

Animals: Five client-owned horses with naturally occurring LBs within the cervical APJs.

Osteochondral fragmentation of the cervical articular process joints; prevalence in horses undergoing CT for investigation of cervical dysfunction.

Background: Computed tomography (CT) imaging of the cervical spine of mature horses under general anaesthesia is becoming increasingly accessible. Osteochondral fragmentation (OF) of the cervical articular process joints (APJs) has been identified on CT imaging; the prevalence, clinical features and significance of this finding are currently unknown.

Objectives: To describe the prevalence and clinical features of a population of horses with CT evidence of OF within the cervical APJs.

Opioid and Opiate Immunoregulatory Processes.

The discovery of the ability of the nervous system to communicate through "public" circuits with other systems of the body is attributed to Ernst and Berta Scharrer, who described the neurosecretory process in 1928. Indeed, the immune system has been identified as another important neuroendocrine target tissue. Opioid peptides are involved in this communication (i.

Prospective, Randomized Comparison of the Effect of Two Antimicrobial Regimes on Surgical Site Infection Rate in Dogs Undergoing Orthopedic Implant Surgery.

Objectives: To determine whether extending prophylactic antimicrobial administration into the postoperative period would decrease the surgical site infection (SSI) rate in clean canine orthopedic surgery associated with a metal implant.

Study Design: Randomized prospective clinical study.

Sample Population: Consecutive procedures (n = 400) on dogs that had clean orthopedic surgery using a metal implant.

Disseminated lipid-rich peritoneal mesothelioma in a horse.

A 9-year-old Haflinger mare presented to the Liphook Equine Hospital with a history of weight loss, azotemia, and repeated episodes of ascites over a period of 10 days. The horse was euthanized after exploratory laparotomy revealed large numbers of variably sized masses distributed throughout the peritoneal cavity. Macroscopically, some masses were papillary, while others were nodular.

Transpalpebral eye enucleation in 40 standing horses.

Objective: To report a technique for eye enucleation in standing sedated horses and to report outcome in 40 horses.

Study Design: Retrospective study.

Animals: Horses (n=40) requiring eye enucleation.

Endoscope-guided, transoral axial division of an entrapping epiglottic fold in fifteen standing horses.

Objectives: To describe and evaluate the use of a transoral, endoscope-guided technique for transection of an entrapping epiglottic fold in sedated standing horses.

Study Design: Retrospective study.

Animals: Horses (n=16) with epiglottic fold entrapment (EFE).

In vitro evaluation of a single injection technique for diagnostic analgesia of the proximal suspensory ligament of the equine pelvic limb.

Objective: To examine the anatomic relationship of the deep branch of the lateral plantar nerve (DBLPN) with structures of the proximal metatarsal region, and to define the anatomic location of a solution injected using a single injection technique for diagnostic analgesia of the proximal suspensory ligament (PSL).

Study Design: Descriptive study.

Animals: Cadaveric equine pelvic limbs (n=29).

Interleukin-10 regulated gene expression in cells of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis origin.

Aim: The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is a mediator for interactions between the immune and neuroendocrine systems. Pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) have been shown to activate the HPA axis. Recently, interleukin-10, an important anti-inflammatory cytokine in the immune system, has been shown to be expressed in the central nervous system and neuroendocrine system.

Serotonin regulation of serotonin uptake in RN46A cells.

Aim: The role of the serotonin transporter (SERT) is to remove serotonin (5-HT) from the synaptic space. In vitro studies have shown that 5-HT uptake via SERT is influenced by the availability of its substrate, 5-HT. We used RN46A cells, a line that expresses SERT, to investigate 5-HT regulation of 5-HT uptake and the intracellular signaling pathways involved.

Corticotropin Releasing Factor (CRF) activation of NF-kappaB-directed transcription in leukocytes.

1. The aim of this study was to test whether CRF enhanced nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB)-directed gene transcription in leukocytes and the receptor specificity of the effect. Initially, we examined the ability of CRF to modulate an antigen-specific, in vitro antibody response.

Colostrinin-driven neurite outgrowth requires p53 activation in PC12 cells.

1. Colostrinin (CLN) induces maturation and differentiation of murine thymocytes, promotes proliferation of peripheral blood leukocytes, induces immunomodulator cytokines, and ameliorates oxidative stress-mediated activation of c-Jun NH2-terminal kinases. 2.

Regulation of adrenal glucocorticoid synthesis by interleukin-10: a preponderance of IL-10 receptor in the adrenal zona fasciculata.

Several lines of evidence indicate that cytokines can affect adrenal function. To date most of these cytokines have been shown to be pro-inflammatory, such as interleukin (IL)-1, tumor necrosis factor (TNFalpha), and IL-6. However, we have previously shown that IL-10-/- (IL-10 knockout) mice have higher serum corticosterone levels than IL-10+/+ (wild type) mice following acute immune and physiologic stress, implying that IL-10, an anti-inflammatory cytokine, regulates glucocorticoid synthesis in a negative manner.

ACTH enhancement of T-lymphocyte cytotoxic responses.

1. Corticotropin (ACTH) was one of the first neuropeptides shown to bind to receptors on leukocytes and modulate immune responses. Generally ACTH inhibits immune responses, but certain functions can be enhanced.

Cytokine regulation of tryptophan metabolism in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis: implications for protective and toxic consequences in neuroendocrine regulation.

Aim: Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) catalyzation of tryptophan is the first rate-limiting step of the kynurenine pathway in the majority of tissues. The kynurenine pathway produces neurotoxic metabolites such as 3-hydroxykinurenine and quinolinic acid. IDO is inducible by the cytokine interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and has been proposed to mediate the sickness behavior of patients with infectious or other inflammatory diseases.

Nested PCR with the PGMY09/11 and GP5(+)/6(+) primer sets improves detection of HPV DNA in cervical samples.

Based on epidemiological and research evidence, HPV has a causal role in cervical carcinogenesis. Several HPV detection methods exist to date; the most commonly used method for detection of genital HPVs consists of nested PCR using the MY09/11 and GP5(+)/6(+) primer sets (MY/GP(+)). Recently, the PGMY09/11 primer set, a modified version of the MY09/11 primer set, was introduced for single PCR and was found to detect a wider range of HPV types.

Comprehensive analysis of genetic polymorphisms in the interleukin-10 promoter: implications for immune regulation in specific ethnic populations.

The association of interleukin-10 (IL-10) promoter single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) as risk factors for certain inflammatory diseases, viral infections, cancers, and transplant rejection have been the subject of recent studies. The SNPs -1082 G --> A, -819 C --> T, and -592 C --> A, which have been associated with differential IL-10 production, are strongly linked with ethnicity. In this study, we determined the ethnic distribution of IL-10 promoter SNPs and their haplotype rates among Hispanics, African Americans, and Caucasians from Texas and Ashkenazi Jews from New York.

Association of p53 arginine polymorphism with skin cancer.

Background: The presence of arginine at codon 72 in p53 protein is proposed to be a genetic risk factor in human papillomavirus (HPV)-related carcinogenesis.

Objective: To study the prevalence of p53 polymorphism at codon 72 in skin biopsies of epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV) patients compared to DNA samples from healthy individuals.

Patients And Methods: DNA samples extracted from normal skin and tumor biopsies of 22 Brazilian patients with EV and blood samples from 27 healthy Brazilian individuals were studied for p53 codon 72 polymorphisms using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis.

HPV typing in Brazilian patients with epidermodysplasia verruciformis: high prevalence of EV-HPV 25.

Background: Epidermodysplasia verruciformis is a rare genetic disorder characterized by development of lesions associated with HPV#5 or HPV#8 in early childhood; malignant transformation occurs in approximately half of individuals during adulthood.

Objective: Our goal was to study the presence and spectrum of EV-HPV types in Brazilian EV patients, a population that had never been studied in this regard.

Patients And Methods: Forty-one biopsies from different lesions (benign and skin tumors) and one biopsy from clinically normal skin from each of 20 Brazilian patients with EV were studied for HPV typing using nested PCR.

Polymorphisms of the interleukin 10 gene promoter in patients from Brazil with epidermodysplasia verruciformis.

Background: Epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by development of lesions associated with human papillomavirus in early childhood and malignant transformation in approximately half of individuals during adulthood. The persistence of human papillomavirus infection in EV is thought to be a result of an immunogenetic defect, which determines the generation of several cytokines capable of down-regulating cell-mediated immunity.

Objective: We sought to study the prevalence of interleukin 10 (IL-10) promoter polymorphisms in skin biopsy specimens of patients with EV compared with DNA samples from healthy individuals.

Evidence for endogenous interleukin-10 during nociception.

Cytokines such as IL-1beta, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) have been shown to contribute directly to central and peripheral neuropathic pain. Recently, exogenous interleukin-10 (IL-10) was shown to impede development of dynorphin-induced allodynia presumably by inhibiting IL-1beta. We therefore wanted to determine whether endogenous IL-10 had a role in pain perception.