Evaluation of serum vitamin D metabolites, phagocytosis, and biomarkers of inflammation in dogs with naturally occurring diabetes mellitus.

Naturally occurring diabetes mellitus (NODM) is one of the most common endocrine disorders in dogs and its etiology closely resembles type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) in people. Human patients with T1DM commonly have cellular derangements consistent with inflammation, impaired immune function, and hypovitaminosis D. There is little information available regarding inflammatory biomarkers, immune function, and vitamin D status in diabetic dogs.

Ex Vivo Immune Function and Modulatory Effects of Calcitriol in Dogs with Naturally Occurring Diabetes Mellitus.

Human patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) are susceptible to several long-term complications that are related to glycemic control and immune dysregulation. Immune function remains relatively unexplored in dogs with naturally occurring diabetes mellitus (NODM). Calcitriol improves various aspects of immune function in a variety of species, but its effect in diabetic dogs remains unexplored.

The Future of Diabetes Therapies: New Insulins and Insulin Delivery Systems, Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Analogs, Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter Type 2 Inhibitors, and Beta Cell Replacement Therapy.

As the prevalence of diabetes mellitus increases, so too does the number of available treatment modalities. Many diabetic therapies available in human medicine or on the horizon could hold promise in the management of small animal diabetes. However, it is important to consider how species differences in pathophysiology, management practices and goals, and lifestyle may affect the translation of such treatment modalities for veterinary use.

Evaluation of spp. and Other Fungi in Feces from Dogs with Naturally Occurring Diabetes Mellitus.

Diabetes mellitus is a common endocrinopathy in dogs and in most cases is analogous to type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) in humans. spp. is a common commensal fungi with higher prevalence and magnitude of growth in humans with T1DM.

Arizona Veterinarians' Perceptions and Consensus Regarding Skills, Knowledge, and Attributes of Day One Veterinary Graduates.

The purpose of this study was to assess Arizona veterinarians' perceptions and consensus regarding the importance of items in the domains of clinical skills, knowledge, and attributes of Day One graduates of veterinary school and to determine demographic predictors for items on which consensus was low. In this survey-based prospective study, respondents were asked to rate the importance of 44 items on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1 () to 5 (). Responses were visualized as divergent stacked bar charts and evaluated via summary quantitative and qualitative analyses.

Veterinary Curriculum Transformation at the University of Illinois, 2006-2016.

The organization and delivery of a curriculum is the responsibility of the faculty in educational institutions. Curricular revision is often a hotly debated topic in any college faculty. At the University of Illinois, a 2006 mandate for curriculum modernization from the American Veterinary Medical Association Council on Education provided impetus for a long-discussed curricular revision.

Subcutaneous and gonadal adipose tissue transcriptome differences in lean and obese female dogs.

Canine obesity leads to shortened life span and increased disease incidence. Adipose tissue depots are known to have unique metabolic and gene expression profiles in rodents and humans, but few comparisons of depot gene expression have been performed in the dog. Using microarray technology, our objective was to identify differentially expressed genes and enriched functional pathways between subcutaneous and gonadal adipose of lean and obese dogs to better understand the pathogenesis of obesity in the dog.

Altered mRNA and protein expression of filaggrin in the skin of a canine animal model for atopic dermatitis.

Background: Filaggrin is a structural protein that has attracted increasing interest over the past decade for its role in the pathogenesis of human atopic dermatitis (AD). Null mutations in its sequence are considered risk factors in the development of AD.

Hypothesis/objectives: To investigate canine filaggrin mRNA and protein expression in the skin of atopic beagles with experimentally induced AD compared with breed-matched healthy control dogs.

Evaluation of canine antimicrobial peptides in infected and noninfected chronic atopic skin.

Background: Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are small immunomodulatory peptides produced by epithelial and immune cells. β-Defensins (BDs) and cathelicidins (Caths) are the most studied AMPs. Recently, increased cutaneous expression of AMPs was reported in atopic humans and in beagles with experimentally induced atopy.

Effects of dietary macronutrient composition and feeding frequency on fasting and postprandial hormone response in domestic cats.

The objective was to evaluate the effects of dietary macronutrients and feeding frequency on blood glucose, insulin, total ghrelin and leptin. A total of twelve adult lean neutered male cats were used in three tests, all cross-over studies composed of a 15 d adaptation and blood sampling on day 16. In trial 1, differences between two- and four-meal feeding were tested.

Expression and distribution of canine antimicrobial peptides in the skin of healthy and atopic beagles.

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are small immuno-modulatory proteins important in defense against pathogenic organisms. Defensins and cathelicidin are the most frequently studied human AMPs. An increase in AMPs in atopic humans has been reported recently.

Interpretation of laboratory tests for canine Cushing's syndrome.

Hypercortisolism (HC) is a common disease in dogs. This article will review the laboratory tests that are available for diagnosis of HC and laboratory tests for differentiating between causes of HC. An emphasis will be made on the clinical process that leads to the decision to perform those tests and common misconceptions and issues that arise when performing them.

When normal is abnormal: keys to laboratory diagnosis of hidden endocrine disease.

Although veterinary clinicians commonly rely on panels of laboratory tests with individual results flagged when abnormal, care should be taken in interpreting normal test results as well. There are several examples of this in evaluating patients with endocrine disease. The finding of a normal leukogram (absence of a stress leukogram) can be indicative of adrenal insufficiency in dogs, and this disorder can be especially elusive when there are no overt indicators of mineralocorticoid deficiency.

Glomerular filtration rate in general small animal practice.

Quantitative evaluation of renal function in small animal general practice has remained essentially unchanged for decades. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is considered the gold standard for evaluating functional renal mass in veterinary medicine. For practical and financial reasons, GFR testing was previously available only at referral veterinary hospitals.

Adipose tissue transcriptome changes during obesity development in female dogs.

During the development of obesity, adipose tissue undergoes major expansion and remodeling, but the biological processes involved in this transition are not well understood. The objective of this study was to analyze global gene expression profiles of adipose tissue in dogs, fed a high-fat diet, during the transition from a lean to obese phenotype. Nine female beagles (4.

Fluoroquinolones: then and now.

Fluoroquinolones were discovered in the 1960s as a derivative of the antimalarial drug chloroquine. Over the past 40 years, many fluoroquinolones have been developed for use in human and veterinary medicine. As with all classes of antibiotics, resistance to fluoroquinolones is a serious concern, and multiple avenues for resistance are being investigated.

Expression and distribution of antimicrobial peptides in the skin of healthy beagles.

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are small proteins involved in defense against pathogenic organisms. Defensins and cathelicidin are the most frequently studied human AMPs. Our goals were to determine the distribution of AMPs and evaluate their mRNA expression in normal canine skin.

Evaluation of the ratio of collagen type III to collagen type I in periurethral tissues of sexually intact and neutered female dogs.

Objective: To determine the ratio of collagen type III to collagen type I in the periurethral tissues of sexually intact and neutered female dogs.

Animals: 8 neutered and 34 sexually intact female dogs.

Procedures: Tissues were obtained from female dogs euthanized for non-urinary tract-related reasons.

The effects of body weight, body condition score, sex, and age on serum fructosamine concentrations in clinically healthy cats.

Background: Serum fructosamine (SF) concentrations depend on plasma glucose concentrations and are used to evaluate glycemic control in animals with diabetes mellitus (DM). Despite the strong association between obesity and DM, the effects of body weight (BW) and body condition on SF concentrations in clinically healthy cats have not been reported.

Objective: The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of BW, body condition score (BCS), sex, and age on SF concentrations in healthy cats.

Synthetic insulin analogs and their use in dogs and cats.

Human recombinant synthetic insulin analogs allow better control of blood glucose concentrations while minimizing the risk of hypoglycemic events in diabetic human patients. Little information is available regarding the use of insulin analogs in cats and dogs. Insulin lispro is an ultrashort-acting analog that has been used in the intensive treatment of dogs with diabetic ketoacidosis.

Phenobarbital-responsive sialadenosis associated with an esophageal foreign body in a dog.

A 4-year-old Yorkshire terrier was presented for an esophageal foreign body. After removal of the foreign body, clinical signs of gagging, regurgitation, and vomiting continued unabated for >6 weeks. The dog had enlarged submandibular salivary glands that were histologically normal.

A pilot study comparing the diabetogenic effects of dexamethasone and prednisolone in cats.

Fourteen cats received either daily prednisolone (4.4 mg/kg per os [PO]) or dexamethasone (0.55 mg/kg PO) for 56 days.

In utero and postnatal exposure to a high-protein or high-carbohydrate diet leads to differences in adipose tissue mRNA expression and blood metabolites in kittens.

The objective of the present study was to measure the differences in body composition, adipose tissue gene expression, blood metabolite and hormone concentrations, and insulin sensitivity in kittens exposed to high-protein (HP) or high-carbohydrate (HC) nutrition in utero and through the growth period. Eight dams were randomised onto two test diets, and fed the diets throughout gestation and lactation. Male offspring were evaluated for 9 months.