An open-source, three-dimensional growth model of the mandible.

The available reference data for the mandible and mandibular growth consists primarily of two-dimensional linear or angular measurements. The aim of this study was to create the first open-source, three-dimensional statistical shape model of the mandible that spans the complete growth period. Computed tomography scans of 678 mandibles from children and young adults between 0 and 22 years old were included in the model.

Strength testing of low-cost 3D-printed transtibial prosthetic socket.

Measurement and production of traditional prosthetic sockets are time-consuming, labor-intensive, and highly dependent on the personnel involved. An alternative way to make prostheses is using computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM). Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) may be an alternative to make low-cost prosthetic sockets.

Rating Nasolabial Aesthetics in Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate Patients: Cropped Versus Full-Face Images.

Objective: To determine if cropping facial images affects nasolabial aesthetics assessments in unilateral cleft lip patients and to evaluate the effect of facial attractiveness on nasolabial evaluation.

Design: Two cleft surgeons and one cleft orthodontist assessed standardized frontal photographs 4 times; nasolabial aesthetics were rated on cropped and full-face images using the Cleft Aesthetic Rating Scale, and total facial attractiveness was rated on full-face images with and without the nasolabial area blurred using a 5-point Likert scale.

Setting: Cleft Palate Craniofacial Unit of a University Medical Center.

Comparison of two- and three-dimensional assessment methods of nasolabial appearance in cleft lip and palate patients: Do the assessment methods measure the same outcome?

Objective: For the assessment of the nasolabial appearance in cleft patients, a widely accepted, reliable scoring system is not available. In this study four different methods of assessment are compared, including 2D and 3D asymmetry and aesthetic assessments.

Methods: The data and ratings from an earlier study using the Asher-McDade aesthetic index on 3D photographs and the outcomes of 3D facial distance mapping were compared to a 2D aesthetic assessment, the Cleft Aesthetic Rating Scale, and to SymNose, a computerized 2D asymmetry assessment technique.

Three-dimensional soft tissue analysis of the hand: a novel method to investigate effects of acromegaly.

Background: Acral overgrowth is a highly common clinical sign in patients with active acromegaly. To what extent this overgrowth persists after long-term remission of acromegaly is largely unknown. Using the new imaging technique of three-dimensional (3D) stereophotogrammetry, it is possible to accurately investigate soft tissue changes of the hand.

3-Dimensional CBCT analysis of mandibular asymmetry in unilateral condylar hyperplasia.

Purpose: Three-dimensional quantification of asymmetry in UCH has not been reported yet, but would be useful for diagnosing and evaluating the degree of deformity in this disease. It enables profound decision-making and timing of surgery. Unilateral condylar hyperplasia (UCH) can subjectively be classified in hemimandibular elongation (HE), hemimandibular hyperplasia (HH) and a combination of these two (hybrid form).

Accuracy of virtually 3D planned resection templates in mandibular reconstruction.

Objective: Since reconstruction of composite defects in the head and neck region is a challenging and demanding problem for head and neck surgeons, surgical aids have been sought for decades. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of prefabricated surgical resection templates used in mandibular segmental resections in comparison to the virtual surgical plan.

Materials And Methods: A prospective study was performed in 11 consecutive patients, with a primary T4 oral squamous cell carcinoma or osteoradionecrosis of the mandible.

An analysis of pose in 3D stereophotogrammetry of the breast.

Background: Volume of the breast can be objectively measured by three-dimensional (3D) photographs. This study describes the analysis of three different positions of the patient in image acquisition, in order to find the best pose for reproducible 3D photographs of the breasts.

Method: Twenty-four patients were included between February and September 2014 in a consecutive way.

3D Facial Effects of a Simulated Dental Build-up.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the 3D-stereophotogrammetry technique to detect differences in facial appearance after a simulated rehabilitation.

Materials And Methods: Eleven volunteers without tooth wear participated. A 3D-stereophotograph was taken in five different situations: resting position, teeth in occlusion, and teeth in occlusion with a 1 mm-, 3 mm- or 5 mm resin block between the first molars.

Endoscopically assisted craniosynostosis surgery (EACS): The craniofacial team Nijmegen experience.

Introduction: An evaluation of our first 111 consecutive cases of non-syndromic endoscopically assisted craniosynostosis surgery (EACS) followed by helmet therapy.

Methods: Retrospective analysis of a prospective registration database was performed. Age, duration of surgery, length of hospital stay, blood loss, transfusion rate, cephalic index and duration of helmet therapy were evaluated.

Quantitative Assessment of Orbital Implant Position--A Proof of Concept.

Introduction: In orbital reconstruction, the optimal location of a predefined implant can be planned preoperatively. Surgical results can be assessed intraoperatively or postoperatively. A novel method for quantifying orbital implant position is introduced.

Does powdering of the dentition increase the accuracy of fusing 3D stereophotographs and digital dental casts.

Objectives: The shiny vestibular surfaces of teeth make it difficult to match digital dental casts to 3D stereophotogrammetric images of patient teeth. This study tested whether reducing this shininess by coating the teeth with titanium-oxide powder might improve the accuracy of the matching procedure.

Methods: Twenty patients participated in the study.

Regional facial asymmetries and attractiveness of the face.

Objective: Facial attractiveness is an important factor in our social interactions. It is still not entirely clear which factors influence the attractiveness of a face and facial asymmetry appears to play a certain role. The aim of the present study was to assess the association between facial attractiveness and regional facial asymmetries evaluated on three-dimensional (3D) images.

3D stereophotogrammetry in upper-extremity lymphedema: An accurate diagnostic method.

Background: Upper-extremity lymphedema is a frequent complication in patients treated for breast cancer. Current diagnostic methods for the upper-extremity volume measurements are cumbersome or time consuming. The purpose of this study was to assess the validity and reliability of three-dimensional (3D) stereophotogrammetry for volume measurements in patients with upper-extremity lymphedema.

Predictability in orbital reconstruction: A human cadaver study. Part II: Navigation-assisted orbital reconstruction.

Preformed orbital reconstruction plates are useful for treating orbital defects. However, intraoperative errors can lead to misplaced implants and poor outcomes. Navigation-assisted surgery may help optimize orbital reconstruction.

Predictability in orbital reconstruction. A human cadaver study, part III: Implant-oriented navigation for optimized reconstruction.

Navigation-assisted orbital reconstruction remains a challenge, because the surgeon focuses on a two-dimensional multiplanar view in relation to the preoperative planning. This study explored the addition of navigation markers in the implant design for three-dimensional (3D) orientation of the actual implant position relative to the preoperative planning for more fail-safe and consistent results. Pre-injury computed tomography (CT) was performed for 10 orbits in human cadavers, and complex orbital fractures (Class III/IV) were created.

Predictability in orbital reconstruction: A human cadaver study. Part I: Endoscopic-assisted orbital reconstruction.

In the treatment of orbital defects, surgeon errors may lead to incorrect positioning of orbital implants and, consequently, poor clinical outcomes. Endoscopy can provide additional visualization of the orbit through the transantral approach. We aimed to evaluate whether endoscopic guidance during orbital reconstruction facilitates optimal implant placement and can serve as a convenient alternative for navigation and intra-operative imaging.

Development of a Three-Dimensional Hand Model Using Three-Dimensional Stereophotogrammetry: Assessment of Image Reproducibility.

Purpose: Using three-dimensional (3D) stereophotogrammetry precise images and reconstructions of the human body can be produced. Over the last few years, this technique is mainly being developed in the field of maxillofacial reconstructive surgery, creating fusion images with computed tomography (CT) data for precise planning and prediction of treatment outcome. Though, in hand surgery 3D stereophotogrammetry is not yet being used in clinical settings.

Eye tracker based study: Perception of faces with a cleft lip and nose deformity.

Aim: Quantification of visual attention directed towards cleft stigmata and its impact on the perception of selected personality traits.

Methods: Forty observers were divided into two groups and their visual scan paths were recorded. Both groups observed a series of photographs displaying full frontal views of the faces of 18 adult patients with clefts, nine with residual cleft stigmata and nine with digitally-corrected stigmata (each patient only appeared once per series).

Orbital volume analysis: validation of a semi-automatic software segmentation method.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to validate a quick, accurate and reproducible (semi-) automatic software segmentation method to measure orbital volume in the unaffected bony orbit. Precise volume measurement of the orbital cavity is a useful addition to pre-operative planning and intraoperative navigation in orbital reconstruction.

Methods: In 21 CT scans, one unaffected orbit was selected to compare manual segmentation (gold standard) with three segmentation methods using iPlan software (version 3.

Nasolabial symmetry and esthetics in cleft lip and palate: analysis of 3D facial images.

Objectives: To determine the relationship between nasolabial symmetry and esthetics in subjects with orofacial clefts.

Material And Methods: Eighty-four subjects (mean age 10 years, standard deviation 1.5) with various types of nonsyndromic clefts were included: 11 had unilateral cleft lip (UCL); 30 had unilateral cleft lip and alveolus (UCLA); and 43 had unilateral cleft lip, alveolus, and palate (UCLAP).

Three-dimensional facial simulation in bilateral sagittal split osteotomy: a validation study of 100 patients.

Purpose: Three-dimensional (3D) virtual planning of orthognathic surgery in combination with 3D soft tissue simulation allows the surgeon and the patient to assess the 3D soft tissue simulation. This study was conducted to validate the predictability of the mass tensor model soft tissue simulation algorithm combined with cone-beam computed tomographic (CBCT) imaging for patients who underwent mandibular advancement using a bilateral sagittal split osteotomy (BSSO).

Materials And Methods: One hundred patients were treated with a BSSO according to the Hunsuck modification.

Regional facial asymmetries in unilateral orofacial clefts.

Objectives: Assess facial asymmetry in subjects with unilateral cleft lip (UCL), unilateral cleft lip and alveolus (UCLA), and unilateral cleft lip, alveolus, and palate (UCLP), and to evaluate which area of the face is most asymmetrical.

Methods: Standardized three-dimensional facial images of 58 patients (9 UCL, 21 UCLA, and 28 UCLP; age range: 8.6-12.

Development of a three-dimensional hand model using 3D stereophotogrammetry: Evaluation of landmark reproducibility.

Background: Using three-dimensional (3D) photography, exact images of the human body can be produced. Over the last few years, this technique is mainly being developed in the field of maxillofacial reconstructive surgery, creating fusion images with computed tomography (CT) data for accurate planning and prediction of treatment outcome. However, in hand surgery, 3D photography is not yet being used in clinical settings.