Publications by authors named "Thomas Gift"

Background: Although numerous studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of interventions delivered by disease intervention specialists (DIS), relatively few studies have assessed their economic outcomes. We performed a systematic literature review of the cost, cost-effectiveness, and cost-benefit of DIS-delivered interventions for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in the United States.

Methods: Building on a recent systematic review of the effectiveness of DIS-delivered interventions, we reviewed economic outcomes associated with these interventions for STIs.

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We examined the relationship between Local Health Department STD program staffing and budget changes and county-level sociodemographic characteristics. We found two population-level sociodemographic characteristics associated with STD budget cuts. Although staffing cuts were observed, none of the sociodemographic characteristics examined were associated with STD staffing cuts.

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Background: This manuscript describes an updated spreadsheet tool that sexually transmitted infection (STI) prevention programs in the United States can use to estimate the health and economic benefits of their STI and HIV prevention activities.

Methods: The development of the updated tool, STIC (Sexually Transmitted Infection Costs) Figure 2.0, involved two main components.

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Neisseria gonorrhoeae has developed resistance to all antibiotics recommended for treatment and reports of reduced susceptibility to ceftriaxone, the last-line treatment, are increasing. Since many asymptomatic infections remain undiagnosed and most diagnosed infections do not undergo antibiotic susceptibility testing, surveillance systems may underestimate resistant infections. In this modeling study, we simulated the spread of a new strain of ceftriaxone non-susceptible N.

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Introduction: Disease intervention specialists (DIS) are critical for delivering partner services programs that provide partner notification, counseling, referral, and other services for HIV, sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and other infections. This systematic review of partner services and other DIS-delivered interventions for HIV and STIs was conducted to summarize the effectiveness of these programs and identify evidence gaps.

Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted with a narrative synthesis.

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Article Synopsis
  • Many underserved populations rely on Emergency Departments (EDs) for primary health care, presenting an opportunity to enhance testing and treatment for infectious diseases like HIV, hepatitis C, and STIs.
  • Researchers analyzed national ED testing trends from 2010-2019, finding significant increases in testing rates for HIV and hepatitis C, among others, particularly among populations with historically lower testing rates.
  • Despite the overall rise in testing, co-testing patterns were inconsistent, indicating a need for improved strategies to ensure better diagnosis and care linkage, especially in regions with higher infection rates.
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Background: Since common diagnostic tests for gonorrhea do not provide information about susceptibility to antibiotics, treatment of gonorrhea remains empiric. Antibiotics used for empiric therapy are usually changed once resistance prevalence exceeds a certain threshold (e.g.

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Background: The association between illicit opioid use and prescription opioid misuse and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) has not been examined recently. Our study aimed to explore differences in STI/HIV care, and delivery of recommended testing and diagnoses among patients with and without opioid use disorder (OUD).

Methods: Using 2019 MarketScan commercial claims data, we identified 15- to 44-year-old male and female patients, to assess the percentages of STI/HIV diagnoses (using International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification ) and screening (using Current Procedure Terminology codes) among patients with or without OUD diagnoses codes.

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Background: Productivity costs of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) reflect the value of lost time due to STI morbidity and mortality, including time spent traveling to, waiting for, and receiving STI treatment. The purpose of this study was to provide updated estimates of the average lifetime productivity cost for chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis, per incident infection.

Methods: We adapted published decision tree models from recent studies of the lifetime medical costs of chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis in the United States.

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Voters support less spending on means-tested entitlements when they perceive beneficiaries as lacking motivation to work and pay taxes. Yet do concerns about the motivations of "undeserving" beneficiaries also extend to universal public goods (UPGs) that are free and available to all citizens? Lower spending on UPGs poses a particular trade-off: it lessens subsidization of "unmotivated" beneficiaries, but at the expense of reducing the ideal levels of UPGs that voters personally can access. Studies suggest that individuals will sacrifice their preferred amounts of public goods when beneficiaries who do not pay taxes try to access these goods, but it is unclear whether they distinguish based on motivations.

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Context: Estimating the return on investment for public health services, tailored to the state level, is critical for demonstrating their value and making resource allocation decisions. However, many health departments have limited staff capacity and expertise to conduct economic analyses in-house.

Program: We developed a user-friendly, interactive Excel-based spreadsheet model that health departments can use to estimate the impact of increases or decreases in sexually transmitted infection (STI) prevention funding on the incidence and direct medical costs of chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, and STI-attributable HIV infections.

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Introduction: During the COVID-19 pandemic, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention developed a simple spreadsheet-based tool to help state and local public health officials assess the performance and impact of COVID-19 case investigation and contact tracing in their jurisdiction.

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Rapid point-of-care tests that diagnose gonococcal infections and identify susceptibility to antibiotics enable individualized treatment. This could improve patient outcomes and slow the emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance. However, little is known about the long-term impact of such diagnostics on the burden of gonorrhea and the effective life span of antibiotics.

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Background: Gonorrhoea is a highly prevalent sexually transmitted infection and an urgent public health concern because of increasing antibiotic resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Only ceftriaxone remains as the recommended treatment in the USA. With the prospect of new anti-gonococcal antibiotics being approved, we aimed to evaluate how to deploy a new drug to maximise its clinically useful lifespan.

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Background: The COVID-19 pandemic changed the environment in which disease intervention specialists (DISs) operate, as their skills were in demand beyond sexually transmitted disease (STD) control programs. Workforce conditions generally have changed in the last 2 years, imposing additional challenges. Retaining STD DIS has become more difficult in the changed environment.

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Background: Genital herpes (GH), caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 (HSV-1, HSV-2), is a common sexually transmitted disease associated with adverse health outcomes. Symptoms associated with GH outbreaks can be reduced by antiviral medications, but the infection is incurable and lifelong. In this study, we estimate the long-term health impacts of GH in the United States using quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) lost.

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Using data from 12 US health departments, we estimated mean serial interval for monkeypox virus infection to be 8.5 (95% credible interval 7.3-9.

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Background: Comprehensive evaluation of the quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) lost attributable to chlamydia, gonorrhea, andtrichomoniasis in the United States is lacking.

Methods: We adapted a previous probability-tree model to estimate the average number of lifetime QALYs lost due to genital chlamydia, gonorrhea, and trichomoniasis, per incident infection and at the population level, by sex and age group. We conducted multivariate sensitivity analyses to address uncertainty around key parameter values.

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Background: Chlamydia remains a significant public health problem that contributes to adverse reproductive health outcomes. In the United States, sexually active women 24 years and younger are recommended to receive annual screening for chlamydia. In this study, we evaluated the impact of estimated current levels of screening and partner notification (PN), and the impact of screening based on guidelines on chlamydia associated sequelae, quality adjusted life years (QALYs) lost and costs.

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Background: Disparities in the health and economic burden of gonorrhoea have not been systematically quantified. We estimated population-level health losses and costs associated with gonococcal infection and sequelae in the United States

Methods: We used probability-tree models to capture gonorrhoea sequelae and to estimate attributable disease burden in terms of the discounted lifetime costs and quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) lost due to incident infections acquired during 2015 from the healthcare system perspective. Numbers of infections in 2015 were obtained from a published gonorrhoea transmission model.

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Background: With the potential impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on HIV preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) care management, we assessed the number of PrEP users and sexually transmitted infection (STI) testing-eligible PrEP users, STI testing rates, and prevalence between prepandemic (January 1, 2018-March 31, 2020) and early-pandemic (April 1, 2020-September 30, 2020) periods.

Methods: In this retrospective cohort study, a PrEP user for a given quarter is defined as either a previous PrEP user or a PrEP initiator who has at least 1-day coverage of tenofovir/emtricitabine in the given quarter. The STI testing-eligible PrEP users for a given quarter were defined as those persons whose runout date (previous dispense date + days of tenofovir/emtricitabine supply) was in the given quarter.

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Unlabelled: This analysis was designed to determine if there existed differences by race in seeking sexually transmitted disease (STD) care in an emergency department (ED).

Methods: Data were collected from 4,138 patients attending 26 STD clinics across the United States (U.S.

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