Exercise Blood Pressure in Heart Failure With Preserved and Reduced Ejection Fraction.

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate hemodynamic correlates of inducible blood pressure (BP) pulsatility with exercise in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), to identify relationships to outcomes, and to compare this with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF).

Background: In HFpEF, determinants and consequences of exercise BP pulsatility are not well understood.

Methods: We measured exercise BP in 146 patients with HFpEF who underwent invasive cardiopulmonary exercise testing.

Metabolic Cost of Exercise Initiation in Patients With Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction vs Community-Dwelling Adults.

Importance: Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is a joint metabolic and cardiovascular disorder with significant noncardiac contributions.

Objective: To define and quantify the metabolic cost of initiating exercise in individuals with and without HFpEF and its functional consequences.

Design, Setting, And Participants: This prospective cohort study included individuals with hemodynamically confirmed HFpEF from the Massachusetts General Hospital Exercise Study (MGH-ExS) and community-dwelling participants from the Framingham Heart Study (FHS).

Pulmonary Capillary Wedge Pressure Patterns During Exercise Predict Exercise Capacity and Incident Heart Failure.

Background: Single measurements of left ventricular filling pressure at rest lack sensitivity for identifying heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) in patients with dyspnea on exertion. We hypothesized that exercise hemodynamic measurements (ie, changes in pulmonary capillary wedge pressure [PCWP] indexed to cardiac output [CO]) may more sensitively differentiate HFpEF and non-HFpEF disease states, reflect aerobic capacity, and forecast heart failure outcomes in individuals with normal PCWP at rest.

Methods And Results: We studied 175 patients referred for cardiopulmonary exercise testing with hemodynamic monitoring: controls (n=33), HFpEF with resting PCWP≥15 mm Hg (n=32), and patients with dyspnea on exertion with normal resting PCWP and left ventricular ejection fraction (DOE-nlrW; n=110).

Detecting letters and words in prose passages: a test of alternative theoretical accounts of the missing letter effect.

College students searched for either h or the in prose passages in which every h occurred in the test word the. In Experiment 1, passage versions differed in that the critical noun phrases were either the alone (i.e.

Short-term recall of order information: influence of encoding and generation processes on distinctiveness, isolation, and background effects.

We examined the influence of encoding and generation processes on distinctiveness, isolation, and background effects in short-term recall of order information. Adults recalled the order of letters in one of two segments following a distractor task, knowing in advance the identity of the letters. A distinctive letter was one that was either in red or absent and replaced with a red dash, thereby requiring generation.

Reading units that include interword spaces: filling spaces around a letter can facilitate letter detection.

College students searched for the letter "a" in prose passages typed normally, with an asterisk (Experiments 1 and 2) or the letter "x" (Experiment 3) replacing every interword space, or with asterisks replacing only some of the interword spaces (Experiment 2). Contrary to predictions based on masking through lateral interference but consistent with predictions based on studies of eye movement monitoring and unitization, asterisks or instances of the letter "x" surrounding the word "a" actually made the letter "a" easier to detect in that word, but generally not in other words in the text. It is concluded that for very common words, reading units may extend beyond the word boundary to include the surrounding interword spaces.

Encoding and output order processes in short-term order recall of distinctive items.

Adults recalled the order of the letters in one of two four-letter segments following a distractor task. They knew in advance the identity of the letters in each segment. A letter was made distinctive by replacing it with a red dash.