Heterogeneous genetic architectures of prostate cancer susceptibility in sub-Saharan Africa.

Men of African descent have the highest prostate cancer incidence and mortality rates, yet the genetic basis of prostate cancer in African men has been understudied. We used genomic data from 3,963 cases and 3,509 controls from Ghana, Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa and Uganda to infer ancestry-specific genetic architectures and fine-map disease associations. Fifteen independent associations at 8q24.

Breast Cancer Risk Assessment Tool (BCRAT) and long-term breast cancer mortality in the Women's Health Initiative.

Background: While the Breast Cancer Risk Assessment Tool (BCRAT) predicts breast cancer incidence, the model's performance, re-purposed to predict breast cancer mortality, is uncertain. Therefore, we examined whether the BCRAT model predicts breast cancer mortality in postmenopausal women in the Women's Health Initiative (WHI).

Methods: BCRAT 5-year breast cancer incidence risk estimates were calculated for 145,408 women (aged 50-79 years) enrolled in the WHI at 40 US clinical centers to examine associations of BCRAT risk groups (< 1%, 1-< 3%, ≥ 3%) with breast cancer mortality using Cox proportional regression modeling in all participants and in those with incident breast cancer.

Diabetes risk reduction diet and risk of liver cancer and chronic liver disease mortality: A prospective cohort study.

Background: We aimed to prospectively evaluate the association between a diabetes risk reduction diet (DRRD) score and the risk of liver cancer development and chronic liver disease-specific mortality.

Methods: We included 98,786 postmenopausal women from the Women's Health Initiative-Observational Study and the usual diet arm of the Diet Modification trial. The DRRD score was derived from eight factors: high intakes of dietary fiber, coffee, nuts, polyunsaturated fatty acids, low intakes of red and processed meat, foods with high glycemic index, sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), and trans fat based on a validated Food-Frequency Questionnaire administered at baseline (1993-1998).

Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Ovarian and Endometrial Cancers: Long-Term Follow-Up of the Women's Health Initiative Randomized Trials.

Purpose: Menopausal hormone therapy's influence on ovarian and endometrial cancers remains unsettled. Therefore, we assessed the long-term influence of conjugated equine estrogen (CEE) plus medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) and CEE-alone on ovarian and endometrial cancer incidence and mortality in the Women's Health Initiative randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials.

Materials And Methods: Postmenopausal women, age 50-79 years, were entered on two randomized clinical trials evaluating different menopausal hormone therapy regimens.

Estrogen Plus Progestin and Colorectal Cancer: Long-Term Findings From the Women's Health Initiative Randomized Clinical Trial.

JCO We report long-term colorectal cancer findings from the Women's Health Initiative trial where 16,608 postmenopausal women with a uterus were randomly assigned to daily conjugated equine estrogen (CEE) 0.625 mg, plus medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) 2.5 mg, or placebo.

Alcohol intake and endogenous sex hormones in women: Meta-analysis of cohort studies and Mendelian randomization.

Background: The mechanisms underlying alcohol-induced breast carcinogenesis are not fully understood but may involve hormonal changes.

Methods: Cross-sectional associations were investigated between self-reported alcohol intake and serum or plasma concentrations of estradiol, estrone, progesterone (in premenopausal women only), testosterone, androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) in 45 431 premenopausal and 173 476 postmenopausal women. Multivariable linear regression was performed separately for UK Biobank, European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition, and Endogenous Hormones and Breast Cancer Collaborative Group, and meta-analyzed the results.

Breast cancer incidence and mortality by metabolic syndrome and obesity: The Women's Health Initiative.

Background: In the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) randomized trial, dietary intervention significantly reduced breast cancer mortality, especially in women with more metabolic syndrome (MetS) components. Therefore, this study investigated the associations of MetS and obesity with postmenopausal breast cancer after long-term follow-up in the WHI clinical trials.

Methods: A total of 68,132 postmenopausal women, without prior breast cancer and with normal mammogram, were entered into WHI randomized clinical trials; 63,330 women with an entry MetS score comprised the study population.

Ductal carcinoma in situ and cause-specific mortality among younger and older postmenopausal women: the Women's Health Initiative.

Background: Whether DCIS is associated with higher breast cancer-specific and all-cause mortality is unclear with few studies in older women. Therefore, we examined DCIS and breast cancer-specific, cardiovascular (CVD)-specific, and all-cause mortality among Women's Health Initiative (WHI) Clinical Trial participants overall and by age (< 70 versus ≥ 70 years).

Methods: Of 68,132 WHI participants, included were 781 postmenopausal women with incident DCIS and 781 matched controls.

Associations of Lifestyle and Genetic Risks with Obesity and Related Chronic Diseases in the UK Biobank: A Prospective Cohort Study.

Background: Interplay between lifestyle risk scores (LRSs) and genetic risk scores (GRSs) on obesity and related chronic diseases are underinvestigated and necessary for understanding obesity causes and developing prevention strategies.

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate independent and joint associations and interactions of LRS and GRS with obesity prevalence and risks of diabetes, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and obesity-related cancer.

Methods: In this cohort study of 444,957 UK Biobank participants [age: 56.

Temporal changes in mammographic breast density and breast cancer risk among women with benign breast disease.

Introduction: Benign breast disease (BBD) and high mammographic breast density (MBD) are prevalent and independent risk factors for invasive breast cancer. It has been suggested that temporal changes in MBD may impact future invasive breast cancer risk, but this has not been studied among women with BBD.

Methods: We undertook a nested case-control study within a cohort of 15,395 women with BBD in Kaiser Permanente Northwest (KPNW; 1970-2012, followed through mid-2015).

Hysterectomy, oophorectomy and risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.

Hysterectomy is associated with an increased risk for adverse health outcomes. However, its connection to the risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) remains unclear. The aims of our study were to investigate the associations between hysterectomy, oophorectomy and risk of NHL and its major subtypes (eg, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma [DLBCL]), and whether these associations were modified by exogenous hormone use.

International Pooled Analysis of Leisure-Time Physical Activity and Premenopausal Breast Cancer in Women From 19 Cohorts.

Purpose: There is strong evidence that leisure-time physical activity is protective against postmenopausal breast cancer risk but the association with premenopausal breast cancer is less clear. The purpose of this study was to examine the association of physical activity with the risk of developing premenopausal breast cancer.

Methods: We pooled individual-level data on self-reported leisure-time physical activity across 19 cohort studies comprising 547,601 premenopausal women, with 10,231 incident cases of breast cancer.

Circulating levels of biomarkers and risk of ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast in the UK Biobank study.

Observational studies have shown associations between circulating levels of various biomarkers (eg, total cholesterol [TC], low-density lipoprotein cholesterol [LDL], insulin-like growth factor-1 [IGF-1], C-reactive protein [CRP] and glycated hemoglobin-1c [HbA1c]) and the risk of invasive breast cancer (IBC). Ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast (DCIS) is a nonobligate precursor of IBC and shares several risk factors with it. However, the relationship between these biomarkers and DCIS risk remains unexplored.

Metabolic Syndrome and the Risk of Ductal Carcinoma In Situ of the Breast in the UK Biobank.

Background: Metabolic syndrome (MetS), defined by the presence of three of more metabolic dysregulations such as hyperlipidemia, hyperinsulinemia, central obesity, and hypertension, has been associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and various cancers, including invasive breast cancer (IBC). Whether MetS is a risk factor for ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast (DCIS), a nonobligate precursor of IBC, remains unknown.

Methods: A total of 198,748 women ages 40 to 69 years, DCIS- and IBC-free at enrolment in UK Biobank, were included in the current study.

The Breast Microbiome in Breast Cancer Risk and Progression: A Narrative Review.

A decade ago, studies in human populations first revealed the existence of a unique microbial community in the breast, a tissue historically viewed as sterile, with microbial origins seeded through the nipple and/or translocation from other body sites. Since then, research efforts have been made to characterize the microbiome in healthy and cancerous breast tissues. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current evidence for the association of the breast microbiome with breast cancer risk and progression.

The association of the healthy eating index with risk of colorectal cancers (overall and by subsite) among Canadians.

Background: Healthy dietary patterns characterized by high intake of fruits and vegetables, grains/cereals, and lean meat/fish, and low intake of red/processed meats and refined carbohydrates, have been shown to be associated with reduced risk of colorectal cancer, but evidence regarding their association with colorectal cancer subsites is limited. Hence, this study was conducted to assess the association of a healthy dietary pattern, as reflected in the Healthy Eating Index (HEI) (a composite score based on consumption of various food groups), with risk of colorectal cancer, overall and by subsite.

Methods: We conducted a case-cohort study in the Canadian Study of Diet, Lifestyle and Health (CSDLH).

Alcohol intake and endogenous sex hormones in women: meta-analysis of cohort studies and Mendelian randomization.

Background: The mechanisms underlying alcohol-induced breast carcinogenesis are not fully understood but may involve hormonal changes.

Methods: We investigated cross-sectional associations between self-reported alcohol intake and serum or plasma concentrations of oestradiol, oestrone, progesterone (in pre-menopausal women only), testosterone, androstenedione, DHEAS (dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate) and SHBG (sex hormone binding globulin) in 45 431 pre-menopausal and 173 476 post-menopausal women. We performed multivariable linear regression separately for UK Biobank, EPIC (European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition) and EHBCCG (Endogenous Hormones and Breast Cancer Collaborative Group), and meta-analysed the results.

Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Risk of Global Cardiovascular Diseases and Type 2 Diabetes.

Background: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) was associated with elevated risk of cardiometabolic diseases in observational studies. We aimed to evaluate the observational and genetic associations of Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) with multiple cardiometabolic outcomes.

Methods: Our phenotypic and genetic association analyses included more than 400 000 participants who were free of major cardiovascular disease and diabetes at recruitment (2006-2010) and were followed up until December 2019 based on the UK Biobank.

Menopausal hormone therapy and change in physical activity in the Women's Health Initiative hormone therapy clinical trials.

Objective: The menopausal transition results in a progressive decrease in circulating estrogen levels. Experimental evidence in rodents has indicated that estrogen depletion leads to a reduction of energy expenditure and physical activity. It is unclear whether treatment with estrogen therapy increases physical activity level in postmenopausal women.