Atrial Fibrillation after RSV Vaccination Among Older Adults.

RSV vaccine clinical trials reported higher frequencies of atrial fibrillation in intervention groups compared to control. In this large, population-based, propensity-matched study, we found RSV vaccine was not associated with increased risk of new-onset or recurrent atrial fibrillation within 1-42 days compared to influenza or Tdap vaccines.

Randomized Controlled Trial of 60 minutes for Health With Rapid Antiretroviral Therapy to Reengage Persons With HIV Who Are Out of Care.

Background: Many persons with HIV remain out of care (PWH-OOC). We evaluated InstaCare, a complex intervention integrating the brief behavioral intervention 60 minutes for Health with the rapid restart of antiretroviral therapy (rapid ART).

Setting: Prospective open-label randomized controlled trial among PWH-OOC in San Diego, USA.

Relative Cost and Infectious Days Averted Associated With Rapid Gonorrhea and Chlamydia Testing Among Men Who Have Sex With Men.

Background: Standard-of-care nucleic acid amplification tests (routine NAATs) for Neisseria gonorrhoeae (GC) and Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) can take several days to result and therefore delay treatment. Rapid point-of-care GC/CT NAAT (rapid NAAT) could reduce the time to treatment and therefore onward transmission. This study evaluated the incremental cost per infectious day averted and overall cost of implementation associated with rapid compared with routine NAAT.

Effects of a hospital discharge clinic among people with HIV: Lack of early follow-up is associated with 30-day hospital readmission and decreased retention in care.

Background: The transition between inpatient and outpatient care for hospitalized people with HIV represents an opportunity for linkage and re-engagement in care. We evaluated whether attendance at a post-hospitalization visit ('discharge clinic') within 1-2 weeks of discharge would reduce readmissions and improve retention in care (RIC) among people with HIV in San Diego, California, USA.

Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study of people with HIV hospitalized between June 2020 and November 2021.

Annual N95 respirator fit-testing: an unnecessary burden on healthcare.

US regulations mandate annual N95 mask fit testing for healthcare workers, but the optimal testing interval is unknown. In our study using data from 12,565 healthcare workers, the probability of survival free from fit-test failure after 3 years was 99.4%, suggesting that less frequent fit testing every 3 years would be safe.

Cardiovascular Outcomes After Tixagevimab and Cilgavimab use for Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Against Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Population-Based Propensity-matched Cohort Study.

Tixagevimab and cilgavimab treatment was associated with higher rates of cardiovascular events in a post hoc analysis of a phase 3 trial. In this large population-based propensity-matched study, we found no increased risk of cardiovascular events up to 90 days after tixagevimab and cilgavimab administration, including in patients with pre-existing cardiovascular disease.

Acute pulmonary emboli following rebound phenomenon after Nirmatrelvir/Ritonavir treatment for COVID-19.

The return of COVID-19 symptoms after Nirmatrelvir/Ritonavir (Nm/R) treatment is being increasingly reported. Limited evidence suggests most cases of rebound symptoms are mild and do not require further intervention. Here we present a male veteran reporting rebound symptoms who was found to be hypoxic with pulmonary emboli.

SARS-CoV-2 Variant Vaccine Boosters Trial: Preliminary Analyses.

Background: Protection from SARS-CoV-2 vaccines wanes over time and is compounded by emerging variants including Omicron subvariants. This study evaluated safety and immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 variant vaccines.

Methods: This phase 2 open-label, randomized trial enrolled healthy adults previously vaccinated with a SARS-CoV-2 primary series and a single boost.

Risk of hepatitis C reinfection following successful therapy among people living with HIV: a global systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression.

Background: The benefits of direct-acting antivirals towards the elimination of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in people living with HIV are decreased when individuals are reinfected with HCV following treatment. We aimed to systematically review the existing evidence of HCV reinfection risk after treatment among people living with HIV, including people who inject drugs and men who have sex with men (MSM), and to identify the factors that explain heterogeneity in the incidence of HCV reinfection.

Methods: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane, PsycINFO, and conference presentations from date of database inception to Jan 10, 2022, for clinical trials and cohort studies providing data that could be used to calculate the incidence of HCV reinfection following HCV treatment.

Sex differences in type 2 diabetes mellitus prevalence among persons with HIV.

Objective: To examine whether type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is more common among women with HIV (WWH) than men with HIV (MWH).

Design: A cross-sectional analysis of a demographically heterogenous population-based sample of more than 64 million patients in the United States.

Methods: Using the Explorys (IBM) database, compare the prevalence of T2DM among men and women without HIV and influence of HIV on T2DM by sex controlling for confounding factors.

Tenofovir alafenamide and rifabutin co-administration does not lead to loss of HIV-1 suppression: A retrospective observational study.

Objectives: Tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) is a preferred nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor used in the treatment of HIV. Co-administration of TAF with rifabutin (RFB) is not recommended due to concerns that RFB decreases TAF gastrointestinal absorption. The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of antiretroviral therapy regimens that include the co-administration of TAF and RFB.

Rapid Antiretroviral Therapy Among Individuals With Acute and Early HIV.

HIV transmission is increased during acute and early HIV (AEH). Rapid antiretroviral therapy may shorten the duration of infectivity. We show rapid antiretroviral therapy in AEH is acceptable and effective, with 69.

Ceftaroline-associated Encephalopathy in Patients With Severe Renal Impairment.

Encephalopathy complicates beta-lactam therapy, particularly with impaired renal function, though no studies have reported ceftaroline-associated encephalopathy. Among 28 patients with estimated glomerular filtration rates <30 mL/min who received ≥5 days of ceftaroline, 3 developed encephalopathy. Ceftaroline, when dosed supra-therapeutically for serious infections, may be a cause of antibiotic-associated encephalopathy.

Primary Incidence of Hepatitis C Virus Infection Among HIV-Infected Men Who Have Sex With Men in San Diego, 2000-2015.

Background: Little is known about the hepatitis C virus (HCV) epidemic among HIV-infected men who have sex with men (HIV+ MSM) in the United States. In this study, we aimed to determine the incidence of primary HCV infection among HIV+ MSM in San Diego, California.

Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort analysis of HCV infection among HIV+ MSM attending 2 of the largest HIV clinics in San Diego.

Understanding and Addressing Hepatitis C Virus Reinfection Among Men Who Have Sex with Men.

Hepatitis C virus reinfection rates among men who have sex with men are high. Factors associated with infection point to varied sexual and drug-related risks that could be targeted for interventions to prevent infection/reinfection. Modeling indicates that tackling increasing incidence and high reinfection rates requires high levels of hepatitis C virus treatment combined with behavioral interventions.

Asymptomatic Plasmodium vivax parasitaemia in the low-transmission setting: the role for a population-based transmission-blocking vaccine for malaria elimination.

Plasmodium vivax remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality across the Americas, Horn of Africa, East and South East Asia. Control of transmission has been hampered by emergence of chloroquine resistance and several intrinsic characteristics of infection including asymptomatic carriage, challenges with diagnosis, difficulty eradicating the carrier state and early gametocyte appearance. Complex human-parasite-vector immunological interactions may facilitate onward infection of mosquitoes.

Can Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Direct-Acting Antiviral Treatment as Prevention Reverse the HCV Epidemic Among Men Who Have Sex With Men in the United Kingdom? Epidemiological and Modeling Insights.

Background: We report on the hepatitis C virus (HCV) epidemic among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive men who have sex with men (MSM) in the United Kingdom and model its trajectory with or without scaled-up HCV direct-acting antivirals (DAAs).

Methods: A dynamic HCV transmission model among HIV-diagnosed MSM in the United Kingdom was calibrated to HCV prevalence (antibody [Ab] or RNA positive), incidence, and treatment from 2004 to 2011 among HIV-diagnosed MSM in the UK Collaborative HIV Cohort (UK CHIC). The epidemic was projected with current or scaled-up HCV treatment, with or without a 20% behavioral risk reduction.

Prioritization of HCV treatment in the direct-acting antiviral era: An economic evaluation.

Background & Aims: We determined the optimal HCV treatment prioritization strategy for interferon-free (IFN-free) HCV direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) by disease stage and risk status incorporating treatment of people who inject drugs (PWID).

Methods: A dynamic HCV transmission and progression model compared the cost-effectiveness of treating patients early vs. delaying until cirrhosis for patients with mild or moderate fibrosis, where PWID chronic HCV prevalence was 20, 40 or 60%.