Long-term persistence of transcriptionally active 'defective' HIV-1 proviruses: implications for persistent immune activation during antiretroviral therapy.

Objectives: People with HIV-1 (PWH) on effective antiretroviral therapy (ART) continue to exhibit chronic systemic inflammation, immune activation, and persistent elevations in markers of HIV-1 infection [including HIV-DNA, cell-associated HIV-RNA (CA HIV-RNA), and antibodies to HIV-1 proteins] despite prolonged suppression of plasma HIV-RNA levels less than 50 copies/ml. Here, we investigated the hypothesis that nonreplicating but transcriptionally and translationally competent 'defective' HIV-1 proviruses may be one of drivers of these phenomena.

Design: A combined cohort of 23 viremic and virologically suppressed individuals on ART were studied.

The two sRNAs OmrA and OmrB indirectly repress transcription from the LEE1 promoter of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli.

Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) is a diarrheagenic bacterium that predominantly infects infants in developing countries. EPEC forms attaching and effacing (A/E) lesions on the apical surface of the small intestine, leading to diarrhea. The locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE) is both necessary and sufficient for A/E lesion morphogenesis by EPEC.

Interneurons Regulate Locomotion Quiescence via Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate Signaling During Stress-Induced Sleep in .

Sleep is evolutionarily conserved, thus studying simple invertebrates such as can provide mechanistic insight into sleep with single cell resolution. A conserved pathway regulating sleep across phylogeny involves cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), a ubiquitous second messenger that functions in neurons by activating protein kinase A. sleep in response to cellular stress caused by environmental insults [stress-induced sleep (SIS)], a model for studying sleep during sickness.

Hfq and three Hfq-dependent small regulatory RNAs-MgrR, RyhB and McaS-coregulate the locus of enterocyte effacement in enteropathogenic Escherichia coli.

Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) is a significant cause of infantile diarrhea and death in developing countries. The pathogenicity island locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE) is essential for EPEC to cause diarrhea. Besides EPEC, the LEE is also present in other gastrointestinal pathogens, most notably enterohemorrhagic E.