VesselBoost: A Python Toolbox for Small Blood Vessel Segmentation in Human Magnetic Resonance Angiography Data.

Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) performed at ultra-high magnetic field provides a unique opportunity to study the arteries of the living human brain at the mesoscopic level. From this, we can gain new insights into the brain's blood supply and vascular disease affecting small vessels. However, for quantitative characterization and precise representation of human angioarchitecture to, for example, inform blood-flow simulations, detailed segmentations of the smallest vessels are required.

Neurochemical Predictors of Generalized Learning Induced by Brain Stimulation and Training.

Methods of cognitive enhancement for humans are most impactful when they generalize across tasks. However, the extent to which such "transfer" is possible via interventions is widely debated. In addition, the contribution of excitatory and inhibitory processes to such transfer is unknown.

Neurodesk: an accessible, flexible and portable data analysis environment for reproducible neuroimaging.

Neuroimaging research requires purpose-built analysis software, which is challenging to install and may produce different results across computing environments. The community-oriented, open-source Neurodesk platform ( https://www.neurodesk.

Individual Differences in Decision Strategy Relate to Neurochemical Excitability and Cortical Thickness.

The speed-accuracy trade-off (SAT), whereby faster decisions increase the likelihood of an error, reflects a cognitive strategy humans must engage in during the performance of almost all daily tasks. To date, computational modeling has implicated the latent decision variable of response caution (thresholds), the amount of evidence required for a decision to be made, in the SAT. Previous imaging has associated frontal regions, notably the left prefrontal cortex and the presupplementary motor area (pre-SMA), with the setting of such caution levels.

HumanBrainAtlas: an in vivo MRI dataset for detailed segmentations.

We introduce HumanBrainAtlas, an initiative to construct a highly detailed, open-access atlas of the living human brain that combines high-resolution in vivo MR imaging and detailed segmentations previously possible only in histological preparations. Here, we present and evaluate the first step of this initiative: a comprehensive dataset of two healthy male volunteers reconstructed to a 0.25 mm isotropic resolution for T1w, T2w, and DWI contrasts.

Neurodesk: An accessible, flexible, and portable data analysis environment for reproducible neuroimaging.

Neuroimaging data analysis often requires purpose-built software, which can be challenging to install and may produce different results across computing environments. Beyond being a roadblock to neuroscientists, these issues of accessibility and portability can hamper the reproducibility of neuroimaging data analysis pipelines. Here, we introduce the Neurodesk platform, which harnesses software containers to support a comprehensive and growing suite of neuroimaging software (https://www.

Lower hypothalamic volume with lower body mass index is associated with shorter survival in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

Background And Purpose: Weight loss in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is associated with faster disease progression and shorter survival. Decreased hypothalamic volume is proposed to contribute to weight loss due to loss of appetite and/or hypermetabolism. We aimed to investigate the relationship between hypothalamic volume and body mass index (BMI) in ALS and Alzheimer's disease (AD), and the associations of hypothalamic volume with weight loss, appetite, metabolism and survival in patients with ALS.

Enhanced semantic memory in a case of highly superior autobiographical memory.

Highly superior autobiographical memory (HSAM) is characterised by the ability to recall personal events, dates, and news events from long-term memory with profound detail and accuracy. Anecdotes from these individuals suggest that retrieval of rich autobiographical detail is automatic, and often intrusive rather than effortful. We created two novel experiments to objectively verify whether retrieval of information reflects serial or parallel processing in a case of HSAM (R.

Centering inclusivity in the design of online conferences-An OHBM-Open Science perspective.

As the global health crisis unfolded, many academic conferences moved online in 2020. This move has been hailed as a positive step towards inclusivity in its attenuation of economic, physical, and legal barriers and effectively enabled many individuals from groups that have traditionally been underrepresented to join and participate. A number of studies have outlined how moving online made it possible to gather a more global community and has increased opportunities for individuals with various constraints, e.

Towards Optimising MRI Characterisation of Tissue (TOMCAT) Dataset including all Longitudinal Automatic Segmentation of Hippocampal Subfields (LASHiS) data.

Seven healthy participants were scanned using a Siemens Magnetom 7 Tesla (T) whole-body research MRI scanner (Siemens Healthcare, Erlangen, Germany). The first scan session was acquired in 2016 (time point one), the second and third session in 2019 (time point two and three, respectively) with the third session acquired 45 min following the second as a scan-rescan condition. The following scans were acquired for all time points: structural T1 weighted (T1w) MP2RAGE, high in-plane resolution Turbo-Spin Echo (TSE) dedicated for hippocampus subfield segmentation.

Dissociable effects of tDCS polarity on latent decision processes are associated with individual differences in neurochemical concentrations and cortical morphology.

Applying a weak electrical current to the cortex has the potential to modulate neural functioning and behaviour. The most common stimulation technique, transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), has been used for causal investigations of brain and cognitive functioning, and to treat psychiatric conditions such as depression. However, the efficacy of tDCS in modulating behaviour varies across individuals.

Non-linear realignment improves hippocampus subfield segmentation reliability.

Participant movement can deleteriously affect MR image quality. Further, for the visualization and segmentation of small anatomical structures, there is a need to improve image quality, specifically signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR), by acquiring multiple anatomical scans consecutively. We aimed to ameliorate movement artefacts and increase SNR in a high-resolution turbo spin-echo (TSE) sequence acquired thrice using non-linear realignment in order to improve segmentation consistency of the hippocampus subfields.

The efficacy of transcranial direct current stimulation to prefrontal areas is related to underlying cortical morphology.

Applying a weak electrical current to the cortex can have effects on a range of behaviours. Techniques such as transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) have been widely used in both research and clinical settings. However, there is significant variability across individuals in terms of their responsiveness to stimulation, which poses practical challenges to the application of tDCS, but also provides a unique opportunity to study the link between the brain and behaviour.