Online sexual violence prevention on a female college campus in India: Evaluation of the RISE-ON program.

Background: Sexual violence represents a severe problem for young Indian women and requires effective prevention. Since face-to-face prevention programs are limited in reach, we developed the online sexual violence prevention program RISE-ON consisting of three modules, namely Gender, Sexual Violence, and Bystander Education. The study's objective is to investigate the short-term effects of the RISE-ON modules on participants' knowledge and attitudes.

Prospective, randomized evaluation of early removal of nasogastric tubes in postceliotomy trauma patients.

The objective of this study is to compare early (24-hour) removal of nasogastric tubes (NGTs) in trauma patients who have undergone emergency celiotomy to removal based on clinical signs of return of bowel function. All trauma patients who underwent an emergency celiotomy between November 1994 and August 1997 were randomized to 24-hour NGT removal, or removal when flatus and decreased NG output indicated. Exclusion criteria included patients with duodenal or esophageal injuries, those with airway intubations that were >24 hours, or those who had undergone same-hospitalization repeat celiotomy.

Mechanism of suppression of natural killer cell activity in trauma patients.

Trauma patients develop a severe immunosuppression that includes suppression of natural killer (NK) cell activity although numbers of NK cells are not reduced. The mechanism of suppression of NK cell activity after major trauma is not known. The aim of the present study was to investigate the in vitro effect of plasma samples from trauma patients (TP) on the cytotoxic activity of normal NK cells.

Method of urinary diversion in nonurethral traumatic bladder injuries: retrospective analysis of 70 cases.

Management of intraperitoneal, nonurethral bladder injuries by urinary diversion using suprapubic (SP) catheters versus transurethral (TU) Foley catheters was examined retrospectively in a attempt to determine which were most effective. A total of 8500 trauma admissions (6/89-1/96) were screened for bladder injuries. Mechanism, degree, treatment, and morbidity of injury in association with SP or TU Foley catheter placement were evaluated.

Expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in human lungs.

The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in lungs of patients with or without adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). We compared the expression of iNOS by immunohistochemical analysis and polymerase chain reaction in the human lungs collected during open-lung biopsy or at autopsy. The expression of iNOS mRNA was present in all lung samples; however, only 3 out of 11 lung samples showed weak staining for iNOS.

Psychopathologic risk factors for intentional and nonintentional injury.

Objective: Trauma has a high rate of recurrence, suggesting that some people are more injury-prone than others. This study was performed to evaluate some of the psychological and social factors that might influence the likelihood of traumatic injury.

Methods: A case-control study was conducted to evaluate the relationship between selected psychosocial factors and traumatic injury.

Randomized blinded study of aprotinin infusion for liver crush injuries in the pig model.

Repeat exploratory laparotomies for intra-abdominal bleeding in patients who sustain severe blunt intra-abdominal trauma are common. Reexploration usually reveals no single site of bleeding and the abdomen is closed with laparotomy pad packing, with a presumed diagnosis of coagulopathy. These postoperative coagulational defects may be the result of dilution, consumption, dysfunction, or acquired defects of either the coagulation, fibrinolytic, or platelet systems.

Laparoscopy in trauma.

Laparoscopy is a nearly century-old technique that has experienced a resurgence of interest from surgeons since the development of technology that has broadened its applications. Although laparoscopy has been used to evaluate patients with possible abdominal trauma, its use for this purpose is limited by the availability of other diagnostic procedures that may be more suitable for particular circumstances and are more accurate for certain injuries. Laparoscopy is contraindicated in patients who are hypovolemic or hemodynamically unstable and should not be performed in patients with clear indications for celiotomy.

Abbreviated Injury Scale does not reflect the added morbidity of multiple lower extremity fractures.

Objectives: To determine if patients with multiple lower extremity fractures have worse outcomes than do patients with isolated femur fractures, and to determine if the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) should distinguish between single and multiple lower extremity fractures.

Design: A retrospective study.

Materials And Methods: All blunt trauma patients at least 15 years of age treated at a level 1 trauma center from January 1990 through December 1993.

Laparoscopic surgery during pregnancy.

Background: Animal studies have demonstrated fetal acidosis during carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum. This finding suggests a potential adverse effect of CO2 pneumoperitoneum on fetal outcome in humans.

Patients And Methods: We reviewed our recent experience with laparoscopic surgery performed under general anesthesia and with the use of CO2 pneumoperitoneum, in pregnant women with appendicitis or cholecystitis.

Thoracic outlet syndrome reconsidered.

During a four year period, 50 patients were evaluated for possible thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS). These 11 men and 39 women ranged in age from 27 to 60 years, with a mean age of 38.6 years.

Effect of aminoguanidine on in vivo expression of cytokines and inducible nitric oxide synthase in the lungs of endotoxemic rats.

Endotoxemia results in the release of multiple mediators such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-infinity), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta), and nitric oxide (NO), which is thought to be responsible for the hypotension of septic shock. Although there are many reports on the presence of these mediators in serum, in vivo expression of TNF-infinity, IL-1 beta and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) at the tissue level has not been studied extensively. We investigated in vivo expression of these cytokines and iNOS in the lungs of rats that were injected with saline, endotoxin or endotoxin plus aminoguanidine (AG), an inhibitor of iNOS.

Nitric oxide produced by cytokine-activated pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells is cytotoxic to cocultured endothelium.

Background: We recently demonstrated that rat pulmonary artery smooth muscle (RPASM) generates maximal nitric oxide (NO) when exposed to inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interferon (IFN)-gamma. Our hypothesis is that NO produced by cytokine-stimulated RPASM has local cytotoxic effects on endothelium. Accordingly, we designed a pulmonary smooth muscle and endothelial coculture experiment in which the effects of NO on endothelium can be distinguished from the direct effects of cytokines.

The effect of nitric oxide on fetal pulmonary artery smooth muscle growth.

Endothelium-derived nitric oxide (NO) relaxes fetal pulmonary arterial vessels through activation of guanylate cyclase and increasing smooth muscle cyclic guanosine 3', 5'-monophosphate (cGMP). Exogenous NO administered as a gas at low concentrations shares this effect, decreasing pulmonary artery resistance and increasing in pulmonary blood flow. NO, endogenously synthesized or inhaled as a gas, may affect cellular growth in the underlying pulmonary vascular smooth muscle media.

Antisense oligodeoxynucleotide to inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibits nitric oxide synthesis in rat pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells in culture.

Background: We recently demonstrated the induced expression of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene in cultured rat pulmonary artery smooth muscle (RPASM) in response to lipopolysaccharide and cytokines, using a complementary DNA probe to murine macrophage iNOS. Because nitric oxide (NO) can be cytotoxic, iNOS in the pulmonary vasculature may contribute to lung injury in sepsis. We designed an antisense oligodeoxynucleotide complementary to the iNOS messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence to determine whether the probe prevented iNOS translation.