A study of 9 common breath VOCs in 504 healthy subjects using PTR-TOF-MS.

Introduction: This study employs Proton-Transfer-Reaction Mass Spectrometry (PTR-MS) to analyze exhaled breath profiles of 504 healthy adults, focusing on nine common volatile organic compounds (VOCs): acetone, acetaldehyde, acetonitrile, ethanol, isoprene, methanol, propanol, phenol, and toluene. PTR-MS offers real-time VOC measurement, crucial for understanding breath biomarkers and their applications in health assessment.

Objectives: The study aims to investigate how demographic factors-gender, age, and smoking history-affect VOC concentrations in exhaled breath.

A machine-learning tool to identify bistable states from calcium imaging data.

Mapping neuronal activation using calcium imaging in vivo during behavioural tasks has advanced our understanding of nervous system function. In almost all of these studies, calcium imaging is used to infer spike probabilities because action potentials activate voltage-gated calcium channels and increase intracellular calcium levels. However, neurons not only fire action potentials, but also convey information via intrinsic dynamics such as by generating bistable membrane potential states.

Predictive neural computations in the cerebellum contribute to motor planning and faster behavioral responses in larval zebrafish.

The ability to predict the future based on past experience lies at the core of the brain's ability to adapt behavior. However, the neural mechanisms that participate in generating and updating predictions are not clearly understood. Further, the evolutionary antecedents and the prevalence of predictive processing among vertebrates are even less explored.

Clinical Decision Support to Reduce Opioid Prescriptions for Dental Extractions using SMART on FHIR: Implementation Report.

Background: Clinical decision support (CDS) has the potential to improve clinical decision-making consistent with evidence-based care. CDS can be designed to save health care providers time and help them provide safe and personalized analgesic prescribing.

Objective: The aim of this report is to describe the development of a CDS system designed to provide dentists with personalized pain management recommendations to reduce opioid prescribing following extractions.

Recruitment of Motoneurons.

Beginning about half a century ago, the rules that determine how motor units are recruited during movement have been deduced. These classical experiments led to the formulation of the 'size principle'. It is now clear that motoneuronal size is not the only indicator of recruitment order.

Effect of Clinical Decision Support at Community Health Centers on the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: A Cluster Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: Management of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in socioeconomically vulnerable patients is suboptimal; better risk factor control could improve CVD outcomes.

Objective: To evaluate the impact of a clinical decision support system (CDSS) targeting CVD risk in community health centers (CHCs).

Design, Setting, And Participants: This cluster randomized clinical trial included 70 CHC clinics randomized to an intervention group (42 clinics; 8 organizations) or a control group that received no intervention (28 clinics; 7 organizations) from September 20, 2018, to March 15, 2020.

High Behavioral Variability Mediated by Altered Neuronal Excitability in Mutant Zebrafish.

Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are characterized by abnormal behavioral traits arising from neural circuit dysfunction. While a number of genes have been implicated in ASDs, in most cases, a clear understanding of how mutations in these genes lead to circuit dysfunction and behavioral abnormality is absent. The () gene is one such gene, associated with ASDs, intellectual disability and a range of other neurodevelopmental conditions.

Gjd2b-mediated gap junctions promote glutamatergic synapse formation and dendritic elaboration in Purkinje neurons.

Gap junctions between neurons serve as electrical synapses, in addition to conducting metabolites and signaling molecules. During development, early-appearing gap junctions are thought to prefigure chemical synapses, which appear much later. We present evidence for this idea at a central, glutamatergic synapse and provide some mechanistic insights.

Challenges involved in establishing a web-based clinical decision support tool in community health centers.

Implementation lessons: Establishing a shared 'hub-and-spoke,' web-based clinical decision support system (CDSS) in an EHR shared by >600 community health centers incurred a myriad of challenges, which are summarized here to guide others seeking to use similar CDSS. Legal and compliance challenges involved ensuring secure data exchanges, determining which entity maintains data records, and deciding which data are sent to the CDSS. Technical challenges involved using lab data from multiple sources and improving the CDSS' cache routine performance in its new setting.

Dental Decision Simulation (DDSim): Development of a virtual training environment.

Purpose: Case-based simulations are powerful training tools that can enhance learning and drive behavior change. This is an overview of the design/development of Dental Decision Simulation (DDSim), a web-based simulation of an electronic dental record (EDR). The purpose was to use DDSim to train dentists to make evidence-based treatment planning decisions consistent with current evidence.

Neuromodulatory Selection of Motor Neuron Recruitment Patterns in a Visuomotor Behavior Increases Speed.

Animals generate locomotion at different speeds to suit their behavioral needs. Spinal circuits generate locomotion at these varying speeds by sequential activation of different spinal interneurons and motor neurons. Larval zebrafish can generate slow swims for prey capture and exploration by activation of secondary motor neurons and much faster and vigorous swims during escape and struggle via additional activation of primary motor neurons.

Building behaviors, one layer at a time.

New interneurons are added in the hindbrain to support more complex movements as young zebrafish get older.

Contributions of the Cerebellum for Predictive and Instructional Control of Movement.

The cerebellum with its layered structure and stereotyped and conserved connectivity has long puzzled neurobiologists. While it is well established that the cerebellum functions in regulating balance, motor coordination and motor learning, how it achieves these end results has not been very clear. Recent technical advances have made it possible to tease apart the contributions of cerebellar cell types to movement in behaving animals.

The interplay between electrical and chemical synaptogenesis.

Neurons communicate with each other via electrical or chemical synaptic connections. The pattern and strength of connections between neurons are critical for generating appropriate output. What mechanisms govern the formation of electrical and/or chemical synapses between two neurons? Recent studies indicate that common molecular players could regulate the formation of both of these classes of synapses.

Transcriptional Complexity and Distinct Expression Patterns of Paralogs in .

Several genes that have been implicated in autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) have multiple transcripts. Therefore, comprehensive transcript annotation is critical for determining the respective gene function. The autism susceptibility candidate 2 () gene is associated with various neurological disorders, including autism and brain malformation.

Loss of the Habenula Intrinsic Neuromodulator Kisspeptin1 Affects Learning in Larval Zebrafish.

Learning how to actively avoid a predictable threat involves two steps: recognizing the cue that predicts upcoming punishment and learning a behavioral response that will lead to avoidance. In zebrafish, ventral habenula (vHb) neurons have been proposed to participate in both steps by encoding the expected aversiveness of a stimulus. vHb neurons increase their firing rate as expectation of punishment grows but reduce their activity as avoidance learning occurs.

The Intracellular Signaling Molecule Darpp-32 Is a Marker for Principal Neurons in the Cerebellum and Cerebellum-Like Circuits of Zebrafish.

The dopamine and cAMP regulated phosphoprotein of apparent molecular weight 32 kDa (Darpp-32) is an inhibitory subunit of protein phosphatase-1 (PP-1). Darpp-32 activity is regulated by multiple ligand-activated G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). This protein is coded for by the protein phosphatase-1 regulatory subunit 1b (ppp1r1b) gene.

AMPA receptor mediated synaptic excitation drives state-dependent bursting in Purkinje neurons of zebrafish larvae.

Purkinje neurons are central to cerebellar function and show membrane bistability when recorded in vitro or in vivo under anesthesia. The existence of bistability in vivo in awake animals is disputed. Here, by recording intracellularly from Purkinje neurons in unanesthetized larval zebrafish (Danio rerio), we unequivocally demonstrate bistability in these neurons.

A zebrafish model of manganism reveals reversible and treatable symptoms that are independent of neurotoxicity.

Manganese (manganese ion; referred to as Mn) is essential for neuronal function, yet it is toxic at high concentrations. Environmental and occupational exposure to high concentrations of Mn causes manganism, a well-defined movement disorder in humans, with symptoms resembling Parkinson's disease (PD). However, manganism is distinct from PD and the neural basis of its pathology is poorly understood.

Distribution of the gap junction protein connexin 35 in the central nervous system of developing zebrafish larvae.

Gap junctions are membrane specializations that allow the passage of ions and small molecules from one cell to another. In vertebrates, connexins are the protein subunits that assemble to form gap junctional plaques. Connexin-35 (Cx35) is the fish ortholog of mammalian Cx36, which is enriched in the retina and the brain and has been shown to form neuronal gap junctions.

Joint reconstruction of multiview compressed images.

Distributed representation of correlated multiview images is an important problem that arises in vision sensor networks. This paper concentrates on the joint reconstruction problem where the distributively compressed images are decoded together in order to take benefit from the image correlation. We consider a scenario where the images captured at different viewpoints are encoded independently using common coding solutions (e.

Preservation of VGLUT1 synapses on ventral calbindin-immunoreactive interneurons and normal locomotor function in a mouse model of spinal muscular atrophy.

Dysfunction in sensorimotor synapses is one of the earliest pathological changes observed in a mouse model [spinal muscular atrophy (SMA)Δ7] of spinal muscular atrophy. Here, we examined the density of proprioceptive and cholinergic synapses on calbindin-immunoreactive interneurons ventral to the lateral motor column. This population includes inhibitory Renshaw interneurons that are known to receive synaptic input from muscle spindle afferents and from motoneurons.

Distributed representation of geometrically correlated images with compressed linear measurements.

This paper addresses the problem of distributed coding of images whose correlation is driven by the motion of objects or the camera positioning. It concentrates on the problem where images are encoded with compressed linear measurements. We propose a geometry-based correlation model that describes the common information in pairs of images.

Endogenous dopamine suppresses initiation of swimming in prefeeding zebrafish larvae.

Dopamine is a key neuromodulator of locomotory circuits, yet the role that dopamine plays during development of these circuits is less well understood. Here, we describe a suppressive effect of dopamine on swim circuits in larval zebrafish. Zebrafish larvae exhibit marked changes in swimming behavior between 3 days postfertilization (dpf) and 5dpf.