Long-Term Effect of Outdoor Air Pollution on Mortality and Morbidity: A 12-Year Follow-Up Study for Metropolitan France.

Background: Short-term effects of air pollution are documented more than long-term effects.

Objective: We investigated 12-year impacts of ambient air pollutants on cardiovascular and respiratory morbidity and mortality at the departmental level in metropolitan France.

Methods: Daily air pollution data at 2-km resolution, including concentrations of particulate matter of 10 µm or 2.