Adjuvant ArtinM favored the host immunity against infection in C57BL/6 mice.

causes a severe fungal infection with high mortality rate among immunosuppressed and immunocompetent individuals. Due to limitation of current antifungal treatment, new immunotherapeutic approaches are explored. This study investigated an immunization strategy utilizing heat-inactivated with ArtinM as an adjuvant.

FRACTURE-DISLOCATIONS OF THE ELBOW: CAN THEY INFLUENCE THE PATTERN FRACTURE OF RADIAL HEAD?

Introduction: Radial head fractures are consistently part of a terrible triad of the elbow and can occur in association with Monteggia fracture-dislocations, transolecranon fractures, and their variations. Understanding the degree of comminution of the radial head fracture and the location of fragments determines the course of action to be taken.

Objectives: To correlate fracture-dislocations with the pattern of radial head fracture (number of fragments) and involvement in the proximal radioulnar region.

A novel lentiviral vector-based approach to generate chimeric antigen receptor T cells targeting .

Invasive aspergillosis (IA) is a common and deadly mold infection in immunocompromised patients. As morbidity and mortality of IA are primarily driven by poor immune defense, adjunct immunotherapies, such as chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells, are direly needed. Here, we propose a novel approach to generate (AF)-CAR T cells using the single-chain variable fragment domain of monoclonal antibody AF-269-5 and a lentiviral vector system.

Production of highly antioxidant lignin nanoparticles from a hardwood technical lignin.

Eucalypt kraft lignin isolated in a LignoBoost™ pilot plant was characterized by GC-MS, ICP-OES, DSC, HPSEC, P NMR, and HSQC 2D-NMR to be used without any further processing to produce lignin nanoparticles (LNPs) by nanoprecipitation. Tetrahydrofuran (THF) was used as a solvent, and water as a non-solvent. Microscopic analysis (TEM) showed that LNPs were regularly spherical with some hollow particles dispersed in-between, and sizes were tunable by changing the solvent dripping rate onto the non-solvent.

GXMR-CAR containing distinct GXM-specific single-chain variable fragment (scFv) mediated the cell activation against spp. And had difference in the strength of tonic signaling.

spp. has a polysaccharide capsule composed of glucuronoxylomannan-GXM, a major virulence factor that can prevent the recognition of fungi by immune cells. Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) redirects T cells to target spp.

Towards epigenetic regulation of triple-negative breast cancer via ligand-mediated nanoparticles.

Develop and analyze triple-negative breast cancer targeted nanoparticles loaded with the demethylating agent decitabine. The polymers were synthesized by ring-opening polymerization of D,L-lactide and formulated into nanoparticles via emulsion-evaporation method. The nanoparticles were characterized by physicochemical analysis as well as using breast cancer cell lineages.

Adjuvant Pam3CSk4 does not improve the immunization against infection in C57BL/6 mice.

Background: Cryptococcosis is a relevant invasive fungal infection that affects immunocompromised and immunocompetent individuals when caused by . Host innate and adaptive immune responses can be subverted by that blocks the differentiation of T helper (Th) 1 and Th17 cells, which are involved in the protection against cryptococcosis. Moreover, the macrophage polarization is modulated by infection that requires a balance in the macrophage subsets to control the infection.

ArtinM Cytotoxicity in B Cells Derived from Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma Depends on Syk and Src Family Kinases.

Receptors on the immune cell surface have a variety of glycans that may account for the immunomodulation induced by lectins, which have a carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD) that binds to monosaccharides or oligosaccharides in a specific manner. ArtinM, a D-mannose-binding lectin obtained from Artocarpus heterophyllus, has affinity for the N-glycans core. Immunomodulation by ArtinM toward the Th1 phenotype occurs via its interaction with TLR2/CD14 N-glycans on antigen-presenting cells, as well as recognition of CD3γ N-glycans on murine CD4+ and CD8+ T cells.

Ethanol organosolv pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse assisted by organic acids and supercritical carbon dioxide.

The scCO-assisted organosolv pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse was carried out using aqueous ethanol and organic acid catalysts. Variables involved were temperature (150-190 °C), time (0-60 min), type of catalyst (acetic, citric, and oxalic acids), amount of CO (25-50 g), ethanol titer in water (0-80 vol%), and catalyst concentration (0.5 to 1.

Modification of Hinge/Transmembrane and Signal Transduction Domains Improves the Expression and Signaling Threshold of GXMR-CAR Specific to spp.

Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) redirect T cells to recognize a specific target. CAR components play a pivotal role in antigen specificity, structure stability, expression on cell surface, and induction of cellular activation, which together determine the success of CAR T-cell therapy. CAR products targeting B-cell lymphoma encouraged the development of new CAR applications beyond cancer.

Adjuvant Curdlan Contributes to Immunization against Infection in a Mouse Strain-Specific Manner.

The low efficacy and side effects associated with antifungal agents have highlighted the importance of developing immunotherapeutic approaches to treat infection. We developed an immunization strategy that uses selective Dectin-1 agonist as an adjuvant. BALB/c or C57BL/6 mice received curdlan or β-glucan peptide (BGP) before immunization with heat-killed , and the mice were infected with viable on day 14 post immunization and euthanized 14 days after infection.

Titan Cells and Yeast Forms of and Are Recognized by GXMR-CAR.

Cryptococcosis, a systemic mycosis that affects both the immunocompromised and immunocompetent, is caused by the inhalation of dehydrated yeasts or fungal spores of or . The spp. polysaccharide capsule is composed mainly of glucuronoxylomannan-GXM, its major virulence factor.

Influence of Galectin-3 on the Innate Immune Response during Experimental Cryptococcosis.

, the causative agent of cryptococcosis, is the primary fungal pathogen that affects the immunocompromised individuals. Galectin-3 (Gal-3) is an animal lectin involved in both innate and adaptive immune responses. The present study aimed to evaluate the influence of Gal-3 on the infection.

Administration of artinm lectin reduces the severity of the acute phase infection with .

The acute phase of experimental infection is associated with a strong inflammatory reaction, physiological changes, amastigote nests in tissues, and hematological alterations. ArtinM, a lectin extracted from seeds, is a homotetramer exhibiting immunomodulatory properties that promotes Th1 immune responses against intracellular pathogens, including the induction of neutrophil migration and increase in IL-12 production. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of ArtinM on experimental Chagas disease in mice.

Altered expression of genes related to innate antifungal immunity in the absence of galectin-3.

Galectin-3 (Gal-3) is the most studied member of the animal galectin family, which comprises β-galactoside-binding lectins and participates in several cellular events. Its expression in cells involved in innate and adaptive immunity is related to anti- and proinflammatory functions, signaling an important role in inflammatory, infectious, and tumorigenesis processes. Mice deficient in Gal-3 exhibit important phenotypes, but it is unclear whether these phenotypes reflect an impairment of the functions of this protein.

Pro-inflammatory response ensured by LPS and Pam3CSK4 in RAW 264.7 cells did not improve a fungistatic effect on infection.

Background: The macrophage lineage is characterized by plasticity due to the acquisition of distinct functional phenotypes, and two major subsets are evaluated; classical M1 activation (strong microbicidal activity) and alternative M2 activation (immunoregulatory functions). The M1 subset expresses inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), which is a primary marker to identify these cells, whereas M2 macrophages are characterized by expression of Arginase-1, found in inflammatory zone 1 (Fizz1), chitinase-like molecule (Ym-1), and CD206. The micro-environmental stimuli and signals in tissues are critical in the macrophage polarization.

Glucuronoxylomannan in the Cryptococcus species capsule as a target for Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-cell therapy.

Background Aims: The genus Cryptococcus comprises two major fungal species that cause clinical infections in humans: Cryptococcus gattii and Cryptococcus neoformans. To establish invasive human disease, inhaled cryptococci must penetrate the lung tissue and reproduce. Each year, about 1 million cases of Cryptococcus infection are reported worldwide, and the infection's mortality rate ranges from 20% to 70%.

Expression of Hsp60 and its cell location in Paracoccidioides brasiliensis.

Paracoccidioides species cause paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), a systemic mycosis highly prevalent in Brazil. Therapy of PCM has some issues that make studies for new therapeutic and vaccine targets relevant, such as the P. brasiliensis 60-kDa-heat-shock protein (PbHsp60), an immunogenic antigen that induces protection in experimental mice infection.

Supercritical Fluids: A Promising Technique for Biomass Pretreatment and Fractionation.

Lignocellulosic biomasses are primarily composed of cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin and these biopolymers are bonded together in a heterogeneous matrix that is highly recalcitrant to chemical or biological conversion processes. Thus, an efficient pretreatment technique must be selected and applied to this type of biomass in order to facilitate its utilization in biorefineries. Classical pretreatment methods tend to operate under severe conditions, leading to sugar losses by dehydration and to the release of inhibitory compounds such as furfural (2-furaldehyde), 5-hydroxy-2-methylfurfural (5-HMF), and organic acids.

ArtinM: Purification and Evaluation of Biological Activities.

The immunomodulatory activity of plant lectins has been evaluated because of their high selectivity for glycans linked to receptors on innate and adaptative immune cells. ArtinM is a mannosyl-binding lectin, obtained from the seeds of Artocarpus heterophyllus, that induces the differentiation of CD4 T cells and macrophages by interacting with CD3 and TLR2/CD14, respectively. This ArtinM property ultimately favors the combat of intracellular pathogens, opening new perspectives on the lectins application as immunomodulatory agents.

iNOS/Arginase-1 expression in the pulmonary tissue over time during infection.

Inhalation of yeasts (causing cryptococcosis) triggers an anti-cryptococcal immune response initiated by macrophages, neutrophils or dendritic cells, and the iNOS expressed by various cells may regulate the function and differentiation of innate and adaptive immune cells. Here, we evaluated the effect of progression of infection on the host innate immune response. infection in BALB/c mice spreads to several organs by 21 d post infection.

A Novel Cys2His2 Zinc Finger Homolog of AZF1 Modulates Holocellulase Expression in .

Filamentous fungi are remarkable producers of enzymes dedicated to the degradation of sugar polymers found in the plant cell wall. Here, we integrated transcriptomic data to identify novel transcription factors (TFs) related to the control of gene expression of lignocellulosic hydrolases in and Using various sets of differentially expressed genes, we identified some putative -regulatory elements that were related to known binding sites for TFs. Comparative genomics allowed the identification of six transcriptional factors in filamentous fungi that have corresponding homologs.

The Response of IL-17-Producing B Cells to ArtinM Is Independent of Its Interaction with TLR2 and CD14.

ArtinM, a d-mannose-binding lectin from , activates antigen-presenting cells by recognizing Toll-like receptor (TLR)2 and cluster of differentiation (CD)14 -glycans, induces cytokine production, and promotes type 1 T helper (Th1) immunity, a process that plays an assisting role in the combat against fungal infections. We recently demonstrated that ArtinM stimulates CD4⁺ T cells to produce interleukin (IL)-17 through direct interaction with CD3. Here, we further investigated the effects of ArtinM on the production of IL-17 by B cell activation.