CCL2 Mediates Neuron-Macrophage Interactions to Drive Proregenerative Macrophage Activation Following Preconditioning Injury.

CNS neurons in adult mammals do not spontaneously regenerate axons after spinal cord injury. Preconditioning peripheral nerve injury allows the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) sensory axons to regenerate beyond the injury site by promoting expression of regeneration-associated genes. We have previously shown that peripheral nerve injury increases the number of macrophages in the DRGs and that the activated macrophages are critical to the enhancement of intrinsic regeneration capacity.

Performance of different composting techniques in reducing oestrogens content in manure from livestock in a Vietnamese setting.

Steroid oestrogens (SE) are released by humans and animals into the environment. In the Mekong Delta animal excrement is directly discharged into surface water and can pollute the water. Only a few animal production sites are currently treating the excrement in either biogas plants or vermicomposting systems.

Clonal expansion and microevolution of quinolone-resistant Salmonella enterica serotype typhi in Vietnam from 1996 to 2004.

Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi clinical isolates (n = 91) resistant to nalidixic acid (Nal(r)) were collected from sporadic cases and minor outbreaks throughout Vietnam between 1996 and 2004. These isolates were typed and compared by four methods: Vi phage typing, PstI ribotyping, XbaI and SpeI pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis. The results indicated that 65% of the isolates were not typeable by Vi phage typing.

Evolutionary history of Salmonella typhi.

For microbial pathogens, phylogeographic differentiation seems to be relatively common. However, the neutral population structure of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi reflects the continued existence of ubiquitous haplotypes over millennia. In contrast, clinical use of fluoroquinolones has yielded at least 15 independent gyrA mutations within a decade and stimulated clonal expansion of haplotype H58 in Asia and Africa.

Endemic, epidemic clone of Salmonella enterica serovar typhi harboring a single multidrug-resistant plasmid in Vietnam between 1995 and 2002.

Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi strains resistant to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, tetracyclines, streptomycin, and cotrimoxazole, isolated from sporadic cases and minor outbreaks in Vietnam between 1995 and 2002, were typed and compared. Plasmid fingerprinting, Vi bacteriophage typing, XbaI pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, and PstI ribotyping showed that endemic, epidemic multidrug-resistant typhoid fever was due, for at least 74.1% of the isolates, to one or two clones of serovar Typhi harboring a single resistance plasmid.