Copper-Photocatalyzed Borylation of Organic Halides under Batch and Continuous-Flow Conditions.

The copper-photocatalyzed borylation of aryl, heteroaryl, vinyl and alkyl halides (I and Br) was reported. The reaction proceeded using a new heteroleptic Cu complex under irradiation with blue LEDs, giving the corresponding boronic-acid esters in good to excellent yields. The reaction was extended to continuous-flow conditions to allow an easy scale-up.

The priming molecule β-aminobutyric acid is naturally present in plants and is induced by stress.

The defense system of a plant can be primed for increased defense, resulting in an augmented stress resistance and/or tolerance. Priming can be triggered by biotic and abiotic stimuli, as well as by chemicals such as β-aminobutyric acid (BABA), a nonprotein amino acid considered so far a xenobiotic. Since the perception mechanism of BABA has been recently identified in Arabidopsis thaliana, in the present study we explored the possibility that plants do synthesize BABA.

3-β-D-Glucopyranosyl-6-methoxy-2-benzoxazolinone (MBOA-N-Glc) is an insect detoxification product of maize 1,4-benzoxazin-3-ones.

In order to defend themselves against arthropod herbivores, maize plants produce 1,4-benzoxazin-3-ones (BXs), which are stored as weakly active glucosides in the vacuole. Upon tissue disruption, BXs come into contact with β-glucosidases, resulting in the release of active aglycones and their breakdown products. While some aglycones can be reglucosylated by specialist herbivores, little is known about how they detoxify BX breakdown products.

Mechanical ventilatory constraints during incremental exercise in healthy and cystic fibrosis children.

Aim: To analyze breathing pattern and mechanical ventilatory constraints during incremental exercise in healthy and cystic fibrosis (CF) children.

Methods: Thirteen healthy children and 6 children with cystic fibrosis volunteered to perform an incremental test on a treadmill. Exercise tidal flow/volume loops were plotted every minute within a maximal flow/volume loop (MFVL).

Effects of recovery mode (active vs. passive) on performance during a short high-intensity interval training program: a longitudinal study.

The aim of this longitudinal study was to compare two recovery modes (active vs. passive) during a seven-week high-intensity interval training program (SWHITP) aimed to improve maximal oxygen uptake ([Formula: see text]), maximal aerobic velocity (MAV), time to exhaustion (t lim) and time spent at a high percentage of [Formula: see text], i.e.

Faster pulmonary oxygen uptake kinetics in children vs adults due to enhancements in oxygen delivery and extraction.

This study aimed to examine if the faster pulmonary oxygen uptake (VO2p) phase 2 in children could be explained by increased O2 availability or extraction at the muscle level. For that purpose, O2 availability and extraction were assessed using deoxyhemoglobin (HHb) estimated by near-infrared spectroscopy during moderate-intensity constant load cycling exercise in children and young adults. Eleven prepubertal boys and 12 men volunteered to participate in the study.

Intermolecular Ritter-type C-H amination of unactivated sp3 carbons.

Intermolecular Ritter-type C-H amination of unactivated sp(3) carbons has been developed. This new reaction proceeds under mild conditions using readily available reagents and an inexpensive source of nitrogen (acetonitrile). A broad scope of substrates can be aminated with this method since many functional groups are tolerated.

Comparison of mechanical ventilatory constraints between continuous and intermittent exercises in healthy prepubescent children.

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence and severity of mechanical ventilatory constraints in healthy prepubescent children during continuous and intermittent exercise.

Methods: Twelve prepubescent children (7-11 years old) performed 7 exercises on a treadmill: one graded test for the determination of maximal aerobic speed (MAS), three continuous exercises (CE) at 60, 70, and 80% of MAS and three intermittent exercises (IE), alternating 15 sec of exercise with 15 sec of passive recovery, at 90, 100, and 110% of MAS. During each CE and IE, tidal flow/volume loops were plotted within a maximal flow/volume loop (MFVL) measured at rest before each exercise.

Effects of playing surface (hard and clay courts) on heart rate and blood lactate during tennis matches played by high-level players.

The aim of this study was to compare tennis matches played on clay (CL) and resin (R) courts. Six matches were played (3 on CL courts and 3 on R courts) by 6 high-level players. Heart rate (HR) was monitored continuously while running time (4.

Assessment of child-specific aerobic fitness and anaerobic capacity by the use of the power-time relationships constants.

This study first aimed to compare critical power (CP) and anaerobic work capacity (AWC), to laboratory standard evaluation methods such as maximal oxygen uptake (VO(2)max) and maximal accumulated oxygen deficit (MAOD). Secondly, this study compared child and adult CP and AWC values. Subjects performed a maximal graded test to determine VO(2)max and maximal aerobic power (MAP); and four constant load exercises.

Reproducibility of measurement of muscle deoxygenation in children during exercise.

This study was designed to test the reproducibility of muscle oxygenation by NIRS in children during exercise. Twelve healthy non-obese and non-trained children performed one maximal graded test, and four 6-min constant load cycle exercises. Deoxy-hemoglobin (Hb/Mb- H+) data were averaged every 1, 5, 10, 20 and 30s.

Continuous vs. interval aerobic training in 8- to 11-year-old children.

The aim of the present study was to show if the use of continuous-running training vs. intermittent-running training has comparable or distinct impact on aerobic fitness in children. At first, children were matched according to their chronological age, their biological age (secondary sexual stages), and their physical activity or training status.

1,4-Bis[4-(tert-butyl-diphenyl-silyl)buta-1,3-diyn-yl]benzene.

The title centrosymmetric mol-ecule, C(46)H(42)Si(2), is composed of a central benzene ring with buta-1,3-diynyl chains at positions 1 and 4. These chains are terminated by tert-butyl-diphenyl-silyl groups, hence the molecule is dumbbell in shape. The mol-ecules are connected via C-H⋯π inter-actions in the structure, so forming an undulating two-dimensional network in the bc plane.

1,4-Bis(hex-yloxy)-2,5-diiodo-benzene.

The centrosymmetric title compound, C(18)H(28)I(2)O(2), crystallized in the monoclinic space group P2(1)/c with the alkyl chains having extended all-trans conformations, similar to those in the centrosymmetric bromo analogue [Li et al. (2008 ▶). Acta Cryst.

2-(2-Naphth-yl)-1,3-dioxane.

The title compound, C(14)H(14)O(2), crystallizes in the chiral monoclinic space group P2(1). This acetal is composed of a planar naphthalene ring with a 1,3-dioxane ring substituent, which has a chair conformation. In the crystal structure, symmetry-related mol-ecules are connected via a weak C-H⋯O inter-action to form a helical chain propagating in [010].

Correspondences between continuous and intermittent exercises intensities in healthy prepubescent children.

The aim of this article is to determine correspondences between three levels of continuous and intermittent exercise (CE and IE, respectively) in terms of steady-state oxygen uptake (VO(2SS)) and heart rate (HR) in children. Fourteen healthy children performed seven exercises on a treadmill: one graded test for the determination of maximal aerobic speed (MAS), three CE at 60, 70 and 80% of MAS (CE60, CE70 and CE80) and three IE (alternating 15 s of exercise intercepted with 15 s of passive recovery) at 90, 100 and 110% of MAS (IE90, IE100 and IE110). Mean VO(2SS) and mean HR were determined for both continuous and intermittent exercises.

Suppressing one-bond correlations in HMBC spectra: improved performance for the BIRD-HMBC pulse sequence.

An improved version of the BIRD-HMBC experiment is proposed. In comparison to the original version, the filtering (suppression of (1) J(CH) signals) is accomplished using a double tuned G-BIRD filter positioned in the middle of the long-range correlations evolution period. Compensation of offset dependence by replacing the rectangular 180 degree pulses with the broadband inversion pulses (BIPs), with superior inversion performance and improved tolerance to B(1) field inhomogeneity, significantly improves the sensitivity of the original BIRD-HMBC experiment.

Effect of high intensity intermittent training on heart rate variability in prepubescent children.

The purpose of this study was to observe the effect of high intermittent exercise training on children's heart rate variability (HRV). Thirty-eight children (age 9.6 +/- 1.

Influence of recovery intensity on time spent at maximal oxygen uptake during an intermittent session in young, endurance-trained athletes.

In this study, we examined the effects of three recovery intensities on time spent at a high percentage of maximal oxygen uptake (t90[Vdot]O(2max)) during a short intermittent session. Eight endurance-trained male adolescents (16 +/- 1 years) performed four field tests until exhaustion: a graded test to determine maximal oxygen uptake ([Vdot]O(2max); 57.4 +/- 6.

Two months of endurance training does not alter diastolic function evaluated by TDI in 9-11-year-old boys and girls.

Objective: Superior global cardiac performance (ie stroke volume) is classically reported after training in children. Current knowledge of the impact of exercise training on myocardial relaxation, a major component of left ventricular (LV) filling and subsequently stroke volume, is, however, limited in the paediatric population. This study aimed to investigate the effect of aerobic training on LV wall motion velocities by tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) in healthy children.

Influence of exercise intensity on time spent at high percentage of maximal oxygen uptake during an intermittent session in young endurance-trained athletes.

The purpose of this study was to compare, during a 30s intermittent exercise (IE), the effects of exercise intensity on time spent above 90% VO2max(t90VO2max) and time spent above 95% VO2max(t95VO2max) in young endurance trained athletes. We hypothesized that during a 30sIE, an increase in exercise intensity would allow an increase in t90VO2max and t95VO2max due to a decrease in time to achieve 90% or 95% of VO2max. Nine endurance-trained male adolescents took part in three field tests.

Influence of recovery mode (passive vs. active) on time spent at maximal oxygen uptake during an intermittent session in young and endurance-trained athletes.

The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of recovery mode (active/passive) on time spent at high percentage of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) i.e. above 90% of VO2max (t90VO2max) and above 95% of VO2max (t95VO2max) during a single short intermittent session.

Effects of active recovery between series on performance during an intermittent exercise model in young endurance athletes.

The purpose of our study was to compare time to exhaustion ( t(lim)) and time spent at a high level of oxygen uptake (V(.)O(2)) during two high-intensity short intermittent exercises (30 s-30 s) realized with or without series. Eleven young endurance-trained athletes [16.

Degradation of carboxy-terminal-tagged cytoplasmic proteins by the Escherichia coli protease HflB (FtsH).

Proteins with short nonpolar carboxyl termini are unstable in Escherichia coli. This proteolytic pathway is used to dispose of polypeptides synthesized from truncated mRNA molecules. Such proteins are tagged with an 11-amino-acid nonpolar destabilizing tail via a mechanism involving the 10Sa (SsrA) stable RNA and then degraded.