Associations of inner retinal layers with risk of incident dementia: An individual participant data analysis of four prospective cohort studies.

Introduction: Our main objective was to investigate whether retinal neurodegeneration, estimated from lower thickness of inner retinal layers, was associated with incident all-cause dementia and Alzheimer's disease (AD).

Methods: We performed an individual participant data meta-analysis using unpublished data from four prospective cohort studies with a total of 69,955 participants (n = 1087 cases of incident all-cause dementia; n = 520 cases incident AD; follow-up time median [interquartile range] 11.3 [8.

Macular Layer Thickness and Effect of BMI, Body Fat, and Traditional Cardiovascular Risk Factors: The Tromsø Study.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate associations between cardiovascular risk factors and the thickness of retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GCIPL), and outer retina layers (ORL).

Methods: In this population-based study, we included participants from the Tromsø Study: Tromsø6 (2007 to 2008) and Tromsø7 (2015 to 2016). Persons with diabetes and/or diagnosed glaucoma were excluded from this study.

The Decreasing Prevalence of Nonrefractive Visual Impairment in Older Europeans: A Meta-analysis of Published and Unpublished Data.

Topic: To estimate the prevalence of nonrefractive visual impairment and blindness in European persons 55 years of age and older.

Clinical Relevance: Few visual impairment and blindness prevalence estimates are available for the European population. In addition, many of the data collected in European population-based studies currently are unpublished and have not been included in previous estimates.

Small and large vessel disease in persons with unrecognized compared to recognized myocardial infarction: The Tromsø Study 2007-2008.

Background: Unrecognized myocardial infarction (MI) is a frequent condition with unknown underlying reason. We hypothesized the lack of recognition of MI is related to pathophysiology, specifically differences in underlying small and large vessel disease.

Methods: 6128 participants were examined with retinal photography, ultrasound of the carotid artery and a 12‑lead electrocardiography (ECG).

Macular thickness in healthy eyes of adults (N = 4508) and relation to sex, age and refraction: the Tromsø Eye Study (2007-2008).

Purpose: To provide sex-stratified normative data on retinal thickness and study the relationship with sex, age and refractive status.

Methods: Population-based study including 2617 women and 1891 men, aged 38-87 (mean 61 ± 8) years, without diabetes, glaucoma and retinal diseases, and spherical equivalent refraction (SER) within ±6 dioptres. Retinal thickness was measured with optical coherence tomography (spectral domain Cirrus HD-OCT).

Estimated and Measured GFR Associate Differently with Retinal Vasculopathy in the General Population.

Background/aims: Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) is used extensively in epidemiological research. Validations of eGFR have demonstrated acceptable performance, but the dependence of creatinine and cystatin C on non-GFR factors could confound associations with disease. Few studies have investigated this issue in direct comparison with measured GFR (mGFR).

Increasing Prevalence of Myopia in Europe and the Impact of Education.

Purpose: To investigate whether myopia is becoming more common across Europe and explore whether increasing education levels, an important environmental risk factor for myopia, might explain any temporal trend.

Design: Meta-analysis of population-based, cross-sectional studies from the European Eye Epidemiology (E(3)) Consortium.

Participants: The E(3) Consortium is a collaborative network of epidemiological studies of common eye diseases in adults across Europe.

Prevalence of refractive error in Europe: the European Eye Epidemiology (E(3)) Consortium.

To estimate the prevalence of refractive error in adults across Europe. Refractive data (mean spherical equivalent) collected between 1990 and 2013 from fifteen population-based cohort and cross-sectional studies of the European Eye Epidemiology (E(3)) Consortium were combined in a random effects meta-analysis stratified by 5-year age intervals and gender. Participants were excluded if they were identified as having had cataract surgery, retinal detachment, refractive surgery or other factors that might influence refraction.

Reduced cranial parasympathetic tone during the remission phase of cluster headache.

Background: Cluster headache (CH) attacks are accompanied by cranial autonomic symptoms indicative of parasympathetic hyperactivity and sympathetic dysfunction ipsilateral to the pain. We aimed to assess cranial autonomic function in CH patients during the remission phase of cluster headache.

Materials And Methods: During a remission phase, 38 episodic CH patients underwent the following: dynamic pupillometry, measurement of the superficial temporal artery diameter by ultrasound, and measurement of the retinal vessel diameters from digital retinal photographs.

Subclinical cardiovascular disease is associated with a high glomerular filtration rate in the nondiabetic general population.

A reduced glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in chronic kidney disease is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. However, evidence indicates that a high GFR may also be a cardiovascular risk factor. This issue remains unresolved due to a lack of longitudinal studies of manifest cardiovascular disease with precise GFR measurements.

Serum ferritin and hemoglobin are independently associated with wider retinal venular caliber: the Tromsø Study 2001-2008.

Purpose: To investigate if markers of iron body stores and hemoglobin are associated with retinal vascular caliber.

Methods: This was a population-based study including 2993 participants of the fifth and sixth surveys of the Tromsø Study in Norway, conducted in 2001-2002 and 2007-2008. The association between levels of s-ferritin, transferrin saturation, and hemoglobin in the fifth survey and retinal vascular caliber in the sixth survey was assessed by multivariable linear regression models.

Retinal vascular calibre and response to light exposure and serial imaging.

Purpose: To investigate whether retinal vessel calibre measurements on optical retinal photography are affected by light and dark exposure prior to photography and whether the vessel calibre changes during an imaging sequence of several images.

Methods: Digital optical retinal photographs were obtained from 32 healthy adults in two separate image sequences of six images during 1 min; one sequence with 10 min of dark exposure and one with 10 min of light exposure prior to imaging. Retinal arteriolar and venular calibres were measured computer-assisted and summarized as central retinal artery and vein equivalents (CRAE and CRVE).

Retinal vascular calibres are significantly associated with cardiovascular risk factors: the Tromsø Eye Study.

Purpose: To describe the association between retinal vascular calibres and cardiovascular risk factors.

Methods: Population-based cross-sectional study including 6353 participants of the Tromsø Eye Study in Norway aged 38-87 years. Retinal arteriolar calibre (central retinal artery equivalent) and retinal venular calibre (central retinal vein equivalent) were measured computer-assisted on retinal photographs.

The Tromsø Eye Study: study design, methodology and results on visual acuity and refractive errors.

Purpose: To describe the study design and methodology of the Tromsø Eye Study (TES), and to describe visual acuity and refractive error in the study population.

Methods: The Tromsø Eye Study is a sub-study of the Tromsø Study, a population-based multipurpose longitudinal study in the municipality of Tromsø, Norway. The Tromsø Eye Study was a part of the sixth survey of the Tromsø Study, conducted from October 2007 through December 2008.

Retinal artery occlusion following intravitreal anti-VEGF therapy.

Purpose: Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) therapy effectively inhibits angiogenesis and is now enjoying widespread use in the treatment of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). It may also have a role in the treatment of macular oedema secondary to other conditions. VEGF is a signalling molecule that has a variety of roles, including vasoregulation and effects on the coagulation homeostasis.

[Acute visual loss in an eight-year-old girl].

Background: There are many causes of acute visual loss in childhood. Inflammation of the optic nerve, optic neuritis, is rare. While mostly unilateral in adults, the disease often presents bilaterally in childhood.