Real-life hypoglycaemia partially blunts the inflammatory response to experimental hypoglycaemia in people with type 1 diabetes.

Aim: To determine whether recent repeated exposure to real-life hypoglycaemia affects the pro-inflammatory response during a hypoglycemia episode.

Materials And Methods: This was a post hoc analysis of a hyperinsulinaemic normoglycaemic-hypoglycaemic clamp study, involving 40 participants with type 1 diabetes. Glucose levels 1 week before the clamp were monitored using a Freestyle Libre 1.

Association between recent exposure to continuous glucose monitoring-recorded hypoglycaemia and counterregulatory and symptom responses to subsequent controlled hypoglycaemia in people with type 1 diabetes.

Aim: Experimental hypoglycaemia blunts the counterregulatory hormone and symptom responses to a subsequent episode of hypoglycaemia. In this study, we aimed to assess the associations between antecedent exposure and continuous glucose monitoring (CGM)-recorded hypoglycaemia during a 1-week period and the counterregulatory responses to subsequent experimental hypoglycaemia in people with type 1 diabetes.

Materials And Methods: Forty-two people with type 1 diabetes (20 females, mean ± SD glycated haemoglobin 7.

Counterregulatory hormone and symptom responses to hypoglycaemia in people with type 1 diabetes, insulin-treated type 2 diabetes or without diabetes: the Hypo-RESOLVE hypoglycaemic clamp study.

Aim: The sympathetic nervous and hormonal counterregulatory responses to hypoglycaemia differ between people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes and may change along the course of diabetes, but have not been directly compared. We aimed to compare counterregulatory hormone and symptom responses to hypoglycaemia between people with type 1 diabetes, insulin-treated type 2 diabetes and controls without diabetes, using a standardised hyperinsulinaemic-hypoglycaemic clamp.

Materials: We included 47 people with type 1 diabetes, 15 with insulin-treated type 2 diabetes, and 32 controls without diabetes.

The impact of prior exposure to hypoglycaemia on the inflammatory response to a subsequent hypoglycaemic episode.

Background: Hypoglycaemia has been shown to induce a systemic pro-inflammatory response, which may be driven, in part, by the adrenaline response. Prior exposure to hypoglycaemia attenuates counterregulatory hormone responses to subsequent hypoglycaemia, but whether this effect can be extrapolated to the pro-inflammatory response is unclear. Therefore, we investigated the effect of antecedent hypoglycaemia on inflammatory responses to subsequent hypoglycaemia in humans.

Hypoglycaemia induces a sustained pro-inflammatory response in people with type 1 diabetes and healthy controls.

Aim: To determine the duration and the extension of the pro-inflammatory response to hypoglycaemia both in people with type 1 diabetes and healthy controls.

Materials And Methods: Adults with type 1 diabetes (n = 47) and matched controls (n = 16) underwent a hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic hypoglycaemic (2.8 ± 0.

[Christmas article: The search for the (glycaemic) optimal christmas dinner].

Introduction: The Danish Christmas meal is not the healthiest and might increase blood glucose fluctuations, which can affect health negatively. Studies have shown that these large blood sugar fluctuations can be reduced by eating a meal in a particular order rather than eating it all at once. We investigated if sequential eating of a Danish Christmas meal affected post-prandial glucose fluctuations.

Consistent Effects of Hypoglycemia on Cognitive Function in People With or Without Diabetes.

Objective: Hypoglycemia poses an immediate threat for cognitive function. Due to its association with acute cognitive impairment, the International Hypoglycemia Study Group (IHSG) defines a blood glucose level <3.0 mmol/L as "level 2 hypoglycemia.

Glycaemic thresholds for counterregulatory hormone and symptom responses to hypoglycaemia in people with and without type 1 diabetes: a systematic review.

Aim/hypothesis: The physiological counterregulatory response to hypoglycaemia is reported to be organised hierarchically, with hormone responses usually preceding symptomatic awareness and autonomic responses preceding neuroglycopenic responses. To compare thresholds for activation of these responses more accurately between people with or without type 1 diabetes, we performed a systematic review on stepped hyperinsulinaemic-hypoglycaemic glucose clamps.

Methods: A literature search in PubMed and EMBASE was conducted.

Sustained Proinflammatory Effects of Hypoglycemia in People With Type 2 Diabetes and in People Without Diabetes.

Iatrogenic hypoglycemia activates the immune system and is associated with an increased risk for atherosclerotic disease. We determined acute and long-term effects of insulin-induced hypoglycemia on inflammatory markers in humans with or without type 2 diabetes. A total of 15 adults with type 2 diabetes and 16 matched control subjects (17 men and 14 women, age 59.

Synthetic long-acting insulin analogs for the management of type 1 diabetes: an update.

Introduction: Type 1 diabetes is characterized by insulin deficiency and requires near-physiological insulin replacement. In most patients, this is accomplished by basal bolus therapy consisting of a long-acting basal insulin administered once or twice daily and short-acting insulin with main meals. Several long-acting insulin analogs have been developed to optimize basal insulin therapy.

Hyperinsulinaemic-hypoglycaemic glucose clamps in human research: a systematic review of the literature.

Aims/hypothesis: The hyperinsulinaemic-hypoglycaemic glucose clamp technique has been developed and applied to assess effects of and responses to hypoglycaemia under standardised conditions. However, the degree to which the methodology of clamp studies is standardised is unclear. This systematic review examines how hyperinsulinaemic-hypoglycaemic clamps have been performed and elucidates potential important differences.