Mechanisms underlying the prolonged activation of the genioglossus following arousal from sleep.

Study Objectives: Transient arousal from sleep has been shown to elicit a prolonged increase in genioglossus muscle activity that persists following the return to sleep and which may protect against subsequent airway collapse. We hypothesized that this increased genioglossal activity following return to sleep after an arousal is due to persistent firing of inspiratory-modulated motor units (MUs) that are recruited during the arousal.

Methods: Thirty-four healthy participants were studied overnight while wearing a nasal mask with pneumotachograph to measure ventilation and with 4 intramuscular genioglossus EMG electrodes.

Referral patterns for specialist child and adolescent mental health services in the Republic of Ireland during the COVID-19 pandemic compared with 2019 and 2018.

Background: Countries worldwide are experiencing a third wave of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Government-imposed restrictive measures continue with undetermined effects on physical and mental health.

Aims: To compare child and adolescent mental health services (CAMHS) referrals over 11 months (January-November) in 2020, 2019 and 2018 and examine any impact the different phases of the COVID-19 restrictions might have on referral rates.

After-discharge in the upper airway muscle genioglossus following brief hypoxia.

Study Objectives: Genioglossus (GG) after-discharge is thought to protect against pharyngeal collapse by minimizing periods of low upper airway muscle activity. How GG after-discharge occurs and which single motor units (SMUs) are responsible for the phenomenon are unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate genioglossal after-discharge.

Does Nasal Obstruction Induce Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Healthy Women?

Purpose: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is less prevalent among women and is associated with different symptoms and consequences to OSA in men. The reasons for these differences are unknown and difficult to tease apart in clinical populations. If OSA could be temporarily induced in healthy men and women, the causes of some of these differences could be investigated.

Arousal-Induced Hypocapnia Does Not Reduce Genioglossus Activity in Obstructive Sleep Apnea.

Study Objectives: To determine whether arousals that terminate obstructive events in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) (1) induce hypocapnia and (2) subsequently reduce genioglossus muscle activity following the return to sleep.

Methods: Thirty-one untreated patients with OSA slept instrumented with sleep staging electrodes, nasal mask and pneumotachograph, end-tidal CO2 monitoring, and intramuscular genioglossus electrodes. End-tidal CO2 was monitored, and respiratory arousals were assigned an end-arousal CO2 change value (PETCO2 on the last arousal breath minus each individual's wakefulness PETCO2).

The highs and lows of the interaction between word meaning and space.

We examined whether the processing of words associated with distinct spatial locations automatically biases behavior toward these locations in space. In four experiments (Ns = 30, 34, 32, 32), participants were shown stimuli denoting objects typically associated with the upper and lower regions of visual space. In Experiment 1, words were categorized as man-made or natural by pressing one of two vertically arranged keys.