Colposcopy in special circumstances: Pregnancy, immunocompromise, including HIV and transplants, adolescence and menopause.

The true value of colposcopy in pregnancy is under debate; the examination may be more difficult depending on the gestation at which a woman presents. Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia does not have an accelerated progression during pregnancy, and treatment is usually deferred until postpartum. The prevalence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia is greater in women with immune compromise.

Post-coital bleeding: a rare and unusual presentation of cervical endometriosis.

Introduction: Often due to benign conditions such as cervical ectopy, post-coital bleeding is a distressing symptom for the patient. However, for the clinician, the identification of the etiology is important in order to effect proper treatment.

Case Report: We present a case referred to the colposcopy clinic because of post-coital bleeding and a smear report of 'groups of benign glandular cells of endometrial origin'.

Using the cone biopsy to compare colposcopy clinics in new york and london.

Objective: To assess whether there were significant differences in cytologic and colposcopic assessments associated with conization specimens at a colposcopy clinic in New York compared with a colposcopy clinic in London.

Materials And Methods: A retrospective histopathologic survey of patients evaluated at the Mt. Sinai Hospital Colposcopy Clinic (MSH) in New York City and the Royal Free Hospital Colposcopy Clinic (RFH) in London between January 1, 1997, and December 31, 1998, was reviewed.

Human papilloma virus and cervical screening.

Purpose Of Review: There are around 450,000 cases of cervical cancer per year with 300,000 deaths, making it one of the largest causes of death in women worldwide. Dramatic decreases in cervical cancer mortality rates have been seen following the introduction of screening in several industrialised countries. This is despite using a screening test (the cervical smear) that has a fairly poor sensitivity of approximately 55%.

Bilateral hematosalpinx in a case of ectopic pregnancy: a clinical dilemma.

A 31-year-old woman with a positive pregnancy test and a transvaginal ultrasound scan result that was suggestive of a right tubal ectopic pregnancy underwent a laparoscopy, which showed bilateral hematosalpinx. In the presence of active bleeding and deteriorating hemodynamic status of the patient, a minilaparotomy was performed that revealed a right-sided hematosalpinx and a left-sided ectopic gestation.

Persistent minor smear abnormalities: is large loop excision of the transformation zone (LLETZ) the solution?

This prospective observational study was carried out to evaluate the efficacy of large loop excision of the transformation zone (LLETZ) as a management strategy for women with four or more smears showing borderline changes or mild dyskaryosis. A total of 102 women with four or more smears showing minor abnormalities and no colposcopic evidence of high-grade disease opted to undergo LLETZ in preference to continued cytological surveillance. Histology of the LLETZ specimens showed 11 cases of CIN2/3, one CGIN, 32 CIN1 and 10 HPV changes.