Hopelessness and related variables among cancer patients in the Southern European Psycho-Oncology Study (SEPOS).

Background: Although hopelessness has been studied in cancer, no data are available in non-English-speaking countries.

Objective: The authors sought to amass data from Southern European countries (Italy, Portugal, Spain, and Switzerland) in order to fill this void.

Method: A group of 312 cancer patients completed the Mini-MAC Hopelessness subscale, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), the Cancer Worry Inventory (CWI), and a six-item Visual Analog scale (VAS) to measure intensity of physical symptoms, general well-being, difficulty in coping with cancer, intensity of social support from close relationships, leisure activity, and support from religious beliefs.