Phylogeny, Diversification, and Biogeography of (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) Reveals Multiple Cross-Drainage Dispersals in Southeast Asia.

, a kind of small- to medium-sized fish, is widely distributed from southern Eurasia to central Africa. As one of the most diverse genera of Cyprinidae, investigating the phylogeny and biogeography of remains challenging. In this study, we combined sequences of samples collected from Myanmar with sequences downloaded from GenBank to investigate the phylogeny, diversification, and biogeography of on a global scale, with an emphasis on Southeast Asia.

The uses of fig (Ficus) by five ethnic minority communities in Southern Shan State, Myanmar.

Background: Most regions of Myanmar fall within the Indo-Burma Biodiversity Hotspot and are threatened with biodiversity loss. Development of a comprehensive framework for sustainable development is crucial. Figs are ecological keystone species within these regions and are also important for traditional spiritual food and health uses, which often have accompanying conservation practices.

Traditional medicinal plants used by the Mon people in Myanmar.

Ethnopharmacological Relevance: Myanmar's Mon people largely depend on a traditional medical system for health care, however, information about their medical plants is rare in the current literature. In this first ethnobotanical study of Mon traditional medicinal plants (MTMs), we attempt to answer three research questions: 1) What species are used as MTMs by the Mon people and what diseases can be treated with these MTMs? 2) What are the general characteristics of these MTMs? 3) Which species and their usages have high consensus of knowledge?

Aim Of The Study: We aimed (1) to document both the diversity of medicinal plants used by the Mon people and their knowledge of the therapeutic usages of these plants; and (2) to quantitatively identify the most well-known medicinal plant species and prevalent diseases treated by these species, and to evaluate the status of scientific research and application for each of these species.

Materials And Methods: Ethnobotanical surveys and interviews were carried out in 10 villages in four townships of Mon State, Myanmar in 2018.

Triterpenoids and Their Glycosides from with Antifungal Activities against and .

Four new triterpenoids, 3β,12β,16β,21β,22-pentahydroxyhopane (), 12β,16β,21β,22-tetrahydroxyhopan-3-one (), 3-oxo-olean-12-ene-28,30-dioic acid (), and 3β-hydroxyoleana-11,13(18)-diene-28,30-dioic acid 30-methyl ester (); 21 new triterpenoid saponins, glinusopposides A-U (-); and 12 known compounds (-) were isolated from the whole plants of . The structures of the new compounds were elucidated based on the analysis of one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry (MS) data. All compounds from the plants were measured for antifungal activities against and .

New Amides and Phenylpropanoid Glucosides from the Fruits of Piper retrofractum.

Two new amides (E)-N-cinnamoyl-2-methoxypiperidine (1) and (R)-1-(2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)-5,6-dihydropyridin-2(1H)-one (2), four new amide glucosides, retrofractosides A-D (3-6), and two new phenylpropanoid glucosides, retrofractosides E (7) and F (8), together with 24 known compounds (9-32) were isolated from the fruits of Piper retrofractum. The chemical structures of these new compounds were elucidated based on extensive spectroscopic analysis. All of these isolates (1-32) were evaluated for inhibitory activity against mouse platelet aggregation induced by the peptide AYPGKF-NH.

Investigation on the Antibacterial and Anti-T3SS Activity of Traditional Myanmar Medicinal Plants.

Myanmar has a rich pool of, but less known, medicinal plants with traditional knowledge. In this study, we aimed to investigate the inhibitory activity of traditional Myanmar medicinal plants against the type III secretion system (T3SS) of serovar Typhimurium UK-1 8956 and the intestinal disease-caused by microbes including serovar Typhimurium UK-1 8956, CPCC 160013 CICC 10003, and ATCC 25923. The EtOH extracts of 93 samples were used to screen the inhibitory activities against the secretion of T3SS effector proteins SipA/B/C/D of and the antibacterial activity against , and Out of 71 crude drugs traditionally used, 18 were proofed to be effective either on the growth inhibition of tested bacteria and/or as inhibitors for the T3SS.

Taxonomic studies of (Phyllanthaceae) from the Indo-China Peninsula (I): , a new species from Myanmar.

Based on morphological studies performed on live plants in the field and specimens deposited in herbaria, a new species, Gang Yao & Shixiao Luo (Phyllantheae, Phyllanthaceae), is here described and illustrated. The species is morphologically most similar to Wight, but can be distinguished from the latter by having hairy branchlets, longer pedicels, uniseriate and narrowly triangular sepals of female flowers, 4-5-locular ovaries, stout and cylindric persistent style on fruits.

Political transition and emergent forest-conservation issues in Myanmar.

Political and economic transitions have had substantial impacts on forest conservation. Where transitions are underway or anticipated, historical precedent and methods for systematically assessing future trends should be used to anticipate likely threats to forest conservation and design appropriate and prescient policy measures to counteract them. Myanmar is transitioning from an authoritarian, centralized state with a highly regulated economy to a more decentralized and economically liberal democracy and is working to end a long-running civil war.