A tail-specific protease is required for intracellular multiplication.

is a Gram-negative bacterium found in natural and man-made water systems where it replicates within amoebas and ciliates. In humans, once inside the lungs, replicates in alveolar macrophages and causes Legionnaires' disease, a severe pneumonia. The Icm/Dot type IVb secretion system is a major virulence factor required for intracellular multiplication.

The Tail-Specific Protease Is Important for Legionella pneumophila To Survive Thermal Stress in Water and inside Amoebae.

() is an inhabitant of natural and human-made water systems, where it replicates within amoebae and ciliates and survives within biofilms. When -contaminated aerosols are breathed in, can enter the lungs and may infect human alveolar macrophages, causing severe pneumonia known as Legionnaires' disease. is often found in hot water distribution systems (HWDS), which are linked to nosocomial outbreaks.

The LetA/S two-component system regulates transcriptomic changes that are essential for the culturability of Legionella pneumophila in water.

Surviving the nutrient-poor aquatic environment for extended periods of time is important for the transmission of various water-borne pathogens, including Legionella pneumophila (Lp). Previous work concluded that the stringent response and the sigma factor RpoS are essential for the survival of Lp in water. In the present study, we investigated the role of the LetA/S two-component signal transduction system in the successful survival of Lp in water.

G-protein-coupled receptor genes of Dirofilaria immitis.

The diversity and uniqueness of nematode heterotrimeric G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) provides impetus for identifying ligands that can be used as therapeutics for treating diseases caused by parasitic nematode infections. In human medicine, GPCRs have represented the largest group of 'drugable' targets exploited in the market today. In the filarial nematode Dirofilaria immitis, which causes heartworm disease, the macrocyclic lactones (ML) have been used as the sole preventatives for more than 25 years and now there is confirmed ML resistance in this parasite.

Polymorphism in ABC transporter genes of Dirofilaria immitis.

Dirofilaria immitis, a filarial nematode, causes dirofilariasis in dogs, cats and occasionally in humans. Prevention of the disease has been mainly by monthly use of the macrocyclic lactone (ML) endectocides during the mosquito transmission season. Recently, ML resistance has been confirmed in D.

Polymorphism in ion channel genes of Dirofilaria immitis: Relevant knowledge for future anthelmintic drug design.

Dirofilaria immitis, a filarial parasite, causes cardiopulmonary dirofilariasis in dogs, cats and wild canids. The macrocyclic lactone (ML) class of drugs has been used to prevent heartworm infection. There is confirmed ML resistance in D.

Interaction of macrocyclic lactones with a Dirofilaria immitis P-glycoprotein.

Dirofilaria immitis, a filarial nematode, causes dirofilariasis or heartworm disease in dogs, cats and wild canids. Effective prevention of the disease is mainly by the use of the macrocyclic lactone class of drugs as heartworm preventives, and no other class of drugs is effective for preventing infection. Macrocyclic lactones have been used for prevention of heartworm infection for more than 26years.

ABC-B transporter genes in Dirofilaria immitis.

Dirofilaria immitis is a filarial nematode causing infection and heartworm disease in dogs and other canids, cats, and occasionally in humans. Prevention with macrocyclic lactones (ML) is recommended during the mosquito transmission season. Recently, ML resistance has been reported.

Macrocyclic lactones and their relationship to the SNPs related to benzimidazole resistance.

Haemonchus contortus is an abomasal nematode of ruminants that is widely present across the world. Its ability to cause death of infected animals and rapidly develop anthelmintic resistance makes it a dangerous pathogen. Ivermectin (IVM) and moxidectin (MOX) are macrocyclic lactones (MLs).

Immune response studies with Wuchereria bancrofti vespid allergen homologue (WbVAH) in human lymphatic filariasis.

A homologue of Brugia malayi venom allergen (BmVAH) was cloned from the infective stages (L3) of Wuchereria bancrofti. Sequence analysis showed 90% sequence identity between WbVAH and BmVAH. Recombinant WbVAH was then expressed and purified.