Extracellular Vesicles Display Increased Survival but Partial Pro-Inflammatory Response by Macrophages.

Fungal extracellular vesicles (EVs) mediate intra- and interspecies communication and are critical in host-fungus interaction, modulating inflammation and immune responses. In this study, we evaluated the pro- and anti-inflammatory properties of EVs over innate leukocytes. EVs induced a partial proinflammatory response by macrophages, characterized by increased tumor necrosis factor-alpha production, and increased gene expression of induced nitric oxide synthase and adhesion molecules.