Best Cochlear Locations for Delivering Interaural Timing Cues in Electric Hearing.

Growing numbers of children and adults who are deaf are eligible to receive cochlear implants (CI), which provide access to everyday sound. CIs in both ears (bilateral CIs or BiCIs) are becoming standard of care in many countries. However, their effectiveness is limited because they do not adequately restore the acoustic cues essential for sound localization, particularly interaural time differences (ITDs) at low frequencies.

A collection of split-Gal4 drivers targeting conserved signaling ligands in Drosophila.

Communication between cells in metazoan organisms is mediated by a remarkably small number of highly conserved signaling pathways. Given this small number of signaling pathways, the existence of multiple related ligands for many of these pathways represents a key evolutionary innovation for encoding complexity into cell-cell signaling. Relatedly, crosstalk between pathways is another critical feature which allows a modest number pathways to ultimately generate an enormously diverse range of outcomes.

A collection of split-Gal4 drivers targeting conserved signaling ligands in .

Communication between cells in metazoan organisms is mediated by a remarkably small number of highly conserved signaling pathways. Given the relatively small number of signaling pathways, the existence of multiple related ligands for many of these pathways is thought to represent a key evolutionary innovation for encoding complexity into cell-cell signaling. Relatedly, crosstalk and other interactions between pathways is another critical feature which allows a modest number pathways to ultimately generate an enormously diverse range of outcomes.

Web-based psychoacoustics of binaural hearing: Two validation experiments.

Web-based testing is an appealing option for expanding psychoacoustics research outside laboratory environments due to its simple logistics. For example, research participants partake in listening tasks using their own computer and audio hardware and can participate in a comfortable environment of their choice at their own pace. However, it is unknown how deviations from conventional in-lab testing affect data quality, particularly in binaural hearing tasks that traditionally require highly precise audio presentation.

Lateralization of binaural envelope cues measured with a mobile cochlear-implant research processora).

Bilateral cochlear implant (BICI) listeners do not have full access to the binaural cues that normal hearing (NH) listeners use for spatial hearing tasks such as localization. When using their unsynchronized everyday processors, BICI listeners demonstrate sensitivity to interaural level differences (ILDs) in the envelopes of sounds, but interaural time differences (ITDs) are less reliably available. It is unclear how BICI listeners use combinations of ILDs and envelope ITDs, and how much each cue contributes to perceived sound location.

Lateralization of interaural time differences with mixed rates of stimulation in bilateral cochlear implant listeners.

While listeners with bilateral cochlear implants (BiCIs) are able to access information in both ears, they still struggle to perform well on spatial hearing tasks when compared to normal hearing listeners. This performance gap could be attributed to the high stimulation rates used for speech representation in clinical processors. Prior work has shown that spatial cues, such as interaural time differences (ITDs), are best conveyed at low rates.

Interaural speech asymmetry predicts bilateral speech intelligibility but not listening effort in adults with bilateral cochlear implants.

Introduction: Bilateral cochlear implants (BiCIs) can facilitate improved speech intelligibility in noise and sound localization abilities compared to a unilateral implant in individuals with bilateral severe to profound hearing loss. Still, many individuals with BiCIs do not benefit from binaural hearing to the same extent that normal hearing (NH) listeners do. For example, binaural redundancy, a speech intelligibility benefit derived from having access to duplicate copies of a signal, is highly variable among BiCI users.

Maternal allo anti-M antibody-induced hemolytic disease of newborn.

Hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn is a syndrome associated with immune destruction of the fetal and newborn red cells by maternal red cell alloantibodies. The detection of anti-M in antenatal screening can be responsible for neonatal red cell aplasia. A 32-h-old full-term neonate admitted with inconsolable cry and mild fever.

ATM/ATR kinases link the synaptonemal complex and DNA double-strand break repair pathway choice.

DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are deleterious lesions, which must be repaired precisely to maintain genomic stability. During meiosis, programmed DSBs are repaired via homologous recombination (HR) while repair using the nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) pathway is inhibited, thereby ensuring crossover formation and accurate chromosome segregation. How DSB repair pathway choice is implemented during meiosis is unknown.

Assessment of dental anxiety in children between 5 and 10 years of age in the presence of a therapy dog: a randomized controlled clinical study.

Purpose: Children are often afraid to visit a dentist. Dental anxiety is a worldwide issue and a barrier to successful treatment outcome. Pet therapy, especially through dogs, has been demonstrated to be beneficial in reducing anxiety.

Evaluating the Impact of Age, Acoustic Exposure, and Electrical Stimulation on Binaural Sensitivity in Adult Bilateral Cochlear Implant Patients.

Deafness in both ears is highly disruptive to communication in everyday listening situations. Many individuals with profound deafness receive bilateral cochlear implants (CIs) to gain access to spatial cues used in localization and speech understanding in noise. However, the benefit of bilateral CIs, in particular sensitivity to interaural time and level differences (ITD and ILDs), varies among patients.

Mixed stimulation rates to improve sensitivity of interaural timing differences in bilateral cochlear implant listeners.

Normal hearing listeners extract small interaural time differences (ITDs) and interaural level differences (ILDs) to locate sounds and segregate targets from noise. Bilateral cochlear implant listeners show poor sensitivity to ITDs when using clinical processors. This is because common clinical stimulation approaches use high rates [∼1000 pulses per-second (pps)] for each electrode in order to provide good speech representation, but sensitivity to ITDs is best at low rates of stimulation (∼100-300 pps).

Evidence for a neural source of the precedence effect in sound localization.

Normal-hearing human listeners and a variety of studied animal species localize sound sources accurately in reverberant environments by responding to the directional cues carried by the first-arriving sound rather than spurious cues carried by later-arriving reflections, which are not perceived discretely. This phenomenon is known as the precedence effect (PE) in sound localization. Despite decades of study, the biological basis of the PE remains unclear.

Preparation and evaluation of Levosalbutamol sulphate chitosan microsphere for the treatment of asthma.

Mucoadhesive drug delivery systems are those that provide intimate contact of the drug with the mucosa for an extended period of time. In present work, mucoadhesive chitosan microspheres of Levosalbutamol sulphate were prepared by Spray drying method. Formulations were characterized for various physicochemical attributes size, encapsulation efficiency, swelling ability, in vitro release study and mucoadhesion study by rat ileum.