Imaging of Pathologies of the Temporal Bone and Middle Ear: Inflammatory Diseases, Their Mimics and Potential Complications-Pictorial Review.

Imaging of the temporal bone and middle ear is challenging for radiologists due to the abundance of distinct anatomical structures and the plethora of possible pathologies. The basis for a precise diagnosis is knowledge of the underlying anatomy as well as the clinical presentation and the individual patient's otological status. In this article, we aimed to summarize the most common inflammatory lesions of the temporal bone and middle ear, describe their specific imaging characteristics, and highlight their differential diagnoses.

Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors-Current Status and Advances in Diagnostic Imaging.

Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasia (GEP-NEN) is a heterogeneous and complex group of tumors that are often difficult to classify due to their heterogeneity and varying locations. As standard radiological methods, ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET/CT) are available for both localization and staging of NEN. Nuclear medical imaging methods with somatostatin analogs are of great importance since radioactively labeled receptor ligands make tumors visible with high sensitivity.

Head-to-head comparison of biparametric versus multiparametric MRI of the prostate before robot-assisted transperineal fusion prostate biopsy.

Purpose: Prostate biparametric magnetic resonance imaging (bpMRI) including T2-weighted imaging (T2WI) and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) might be an alternative to multiparametric MRI (mpMRI, including dynamic contrast imaging, DCE) to detect and guide targeted biopsy in patients with suspected prostate cancer (PCa). However, there is no upgrading peripheral zone PI-RADS 3 to PI-RADS 4 without DCE in bpMRI. The aim of this study was to evaluate bpMRI against mpMRI in biopsy-naïve men with elevated prostate-specific antigen (PSA) scheduled for robot-assisted-transperineal fusion-prostate biopsy (RA-TB).

The many faces of cryptogenic organizing pneumonia (COP).

Organizing pneumonia (OP) is interstitial pneumonia with an acute or subacute clinical course and a histological pattern compatible with acute lung injury. It usually arises after a recent infection of the peripheral bronchial system, whereby is called secondary OP. However, often OP arises with no recognizable cause for which it is called cryptogenic organizing pneumonia (COP).

T2 mapping for the characterization of prostate lesions.

Purpose: Purpose of this study is to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of quantitative T2/ADC values in differentiating between PCa and lesions showing non-specific inflammatory infiltrates and atrophy, features of chronic prostatitis, as the most common histologically proven differential diagnosis.

Methods: In this retrospective, single-center cohort study, we analyzed 55 patients suspected of PCa, who underwent mpMRI (3T) including quantitative T2 maps before robot-assisted mpMRI-TRUS fusion prostate biopsy. All prostate lesions were scored according to PI-RADS v2.

18F-FDG-PET/MR in Alveolar Echinococcosis: Multiparametric Imaging in a Real-World Setting.

Recent improvements in alveolar echinococcosis (AE) therapy can provide long-term disease control, and even allow structured treatment interruption in selected cases. Imaging has a pivotal role in monitoring disease activity, with 18-fluoro-deoxyglucose positron emission and computed tomography (18F-FDG-PET/CT) in particular having proven beneficial for assessing disease activity. Repetitive regular examinations to monitor therapy response, however, can lead to substantial radiation burden.

A data management infrastructure for the integration of imaging and omics data in life sciences.

Background: As technical developments in omics and biomedical imaging increase the throughput of data generation in life sciences, the need for information systems capable of managing heterogeneous digital assets is increasing. In particular, systems supporting the findability, accessibility, interoperability, and reusability (FAIR) principles of scientific data management.

Results: We propose a Service Oriented Architecture approach for integrated management and analysis of multi-omics and biomedical imaging data.

Evaluation of an elective ultrasound course for medical students.

To evaluate the educational benefits of teaching ultrasound in an elective radiological course for medical students. We conducted a single-center retrospective analysis of a one-week elective ultrasound course in which 39 medical students (25 female; median age 25.8 ± 2.

Is a single portal venous phase in contrast-enhanced CT sufficient to detect metastases or recurrence in clear cell renal cell carcinoma? - a single-center retrospective study.

Background: This study aims at describing the imaging features of the metastatic presentation of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) in arterial (AP) and portal venous phase (PVP) of contrast-enhanced-computed-tomography (CECT) during clinical follow-up (FU) and to evaluate the necessity of a dual phase approach for metastasis detection.

Methods: We identified a total of 584 patients that were diagnosed with ccRCC between January 2016 and April 2020. Inclusion criteria were histologically proven ccRCC with metastatic spread, proven by histology or interim follow-up of at least 2 years and follow-up CT examination with AP and PVP CECT including thorax/abdomen and pelvis.

Longitudinal CT Imaging to Explore the Predictive Power of 3D Radiomic Tumour Heterogeneity in Precise Imaging of Mantle Cell Lymphoma (MCL).

The study's primary aim is to evaluate the predictive performance of CT-derived 3D radiomics for MCL risk stratification. The secondary objective is to search for radiomic features associated with sustained remission. Included were 70 patients: 31 MCL patients and 39 control subjects with normal axillary lymph nodes followed over five years.

Diagnostic benefit of multiparametric MRI over contrast-enhanced CT in patients with bladder cancer: A single-center 1-year experience.

Purpose: To assess the clinical applicability of local tumor staging in urinary bladder cancer (BC) with preoperative multiparametric MRI (mpMRI) using the five-point Vesical Imaging-Reporting and Data System (VI-RADS) scoring system and to compare it to dual-phase contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT).

Methods: 33 patients with primary untreated bladder cancer underwent CECT followed by preoperative multiparametric 3.0 T MRI between July 2019 and August 2020 and were enrolled in this retrospective study.

Sonographic findings in coronavirus disease-19 associated liver damage.

Purpose: This study was conducted to evaluate the role of liver sonography in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and elevated liver enzymes.

Materials And Methods: In this retrospective study, patients tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 in our emergency ward between January 01 and April 24, 2020 and elevated liver enzymes were included (Cohort 1). Additionally, the local radiology information system was screened for sonographies in COVID-19 patients at the intensive care unit in the same period (Cohort 2).

Noninvasive, longitudinal imaging-based analysis of body adipose tissue and water composition in a melanoma mouse model and in immune checkpoint inhibitor-treated metastatic melanoma patients.

Background: As cancer cachexia (CC) is associated with cancer progression, early identification would be beneficial. The aim of this study was to establish a workflow for automated MRI-based segmentation of visceral (VAT) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SCAT) and lean tissue water (LTW) in a B16 melanoma animal model, monitor diseases progression and transfer the protocol to human melanoma patients for therapy assessment.

Methods: For in vivo monitoring of CC B16 melanoma-bearing and healthy mice underwent longitudinal three-point DIXON MRI (days 3, 12, 17 after subcutaneous tumor inoculation).

Retroperitoneal Fibrosis and its Differential Diagnoses: The Role of Radiological Imaging.

Background:  Retroperitoneal fibrosis is a rare disease with an incidence of 0-1/100 000 inhabitants per year and is associated with chronic inflammatory fibrosis of the retroperitoneum and the abdominal aorta. This article sheds light on the role of radiological imaging in retroperitoneal fibrosis, names various differential diagnoses and provides an overview of drug and surgical treatment options.

Methods:  A literature search for the keywords "retroperitoneal fibrosis" and "Ormond's disease" was carried out in the PubMed database between January 1, 1995 and December 31, 2019 (n = 1806).

Simultaneous whole-body PET/MRI with integrated multiparametric MRI for primary staging of high-risk prostate cancer.

Purpose: Whole-body positron emission tomography/magnetic resonance imaging (wbPET/MRI) is a promising diagnostic tool of recurrent prostate cancer (PC), but its role in primary staging of high-risk PC (hrPC) is not well defined. Thus, the aim was to compare the diagnostic accuracy for T-staging of PET-blinded reading (PBR) and PET/MRI.

Methods: In this prospective study, hrPC patients scheduled to radical prostatectomy (RPx) with extended lymphadenectomy (eLND) were staged with wbPET/MRI and either Ga-PSMA-11 or C-choline including simultaneous multiparametric MRI (mpMRI).

CT-morphologic and CT-textural patterns of response in inoperable soft tissue sarcomas treated with pazopanib-a preliminary retrospective cohort study.

Objective: To analyze patterns of response in soft tissue sarcomas exposed to pazopanib using CT-morphologic and textural features and their suitability for evaluating therapeutic response.

Methods: Retrospective evaluation of CT response and texture patterns in 33 patients (23 female; mean age: 61.2 years, range, 30-85 years) with soft tissue sarcomas treated with pazopanib from October 2008 to July 2017.

Temporal Dynamics of Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species and NF-κB Activation During Acute and Chronic T Cell-Driven Inflammation.

Purpose: Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) production and the NF-κB activation are critically involved in inflammatory responses, but knowledge about the temporal dynamics during acute and chronic inflammation is limited. Here, we present a comparative longitudinal in vivo study of both parameters in an experimental model of acute and chronic T cell-driven delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction (DTHR) using noninvasive optical imaging.

Procedures: Trinitrochlorobenzene (TNCB)-sensitized NF-κB-luciferase-reporter and wild-type mice were TNCB challenged on the right ear to elicit acute DTHR and then repetitively challenged (up to five times) to induce chronic DTHR.

Potential role of CT-textural features for differentiation between viral interstitial pneumonias, pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia and diffuse alveolar hemorrhage in early stages of disease: a proof of principle.

Background: Pulmonary involvement is common in several infectious and non-infectious diagnostic settings. Imaging findings consistently overlap and are therefore difficult to differentiate by chest-CT. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of CT-textural features(CTTA) for discrimination between atypical viral (respiratory-syncitial-virus(RSV) and herpes-simplex-1-virus (HSV1)), fungal (pneumocystis-jirovecii-pneumonia(PJP)) interstitial pneumonias and alveolar hemorrhage.

Prediction of response to endobronchial coiling based on morphologic emphysema characterization of the lung lobe to be treated and the ipsilateral non-treated lobe as well as on functional computed tomography-data: correlation with clinical and pulmonary function.

Background: To test if the emphysema type of the targeted lobe, ipsilateral non-targeted lobe, and lobes of the contralateral lung impact outcome of endobronchial lung volume reduction (ELVR) treatment, and to document lobar volume changes in treated and non-treated lung lobes.

Methods: Thirty patients (16 men, 14 women; median age, 66±6 years; range, 48-78 years) underwent chest-computed tomography (CT) before and after endobronchial coiling for lung volume reduction (LVR) at our institution between December 2011 and March 2016. Forty-five pulmonary lobes were coiled.

Quantification of Hemodynamic Changes in Chronic Liver Disease: Correlation of Perfusion-CT Data with Histopathologic Staging of Fibrosis.

Rationale And Objectives: To noninvasively estimate the severity of liver fibrosis using perfusion-CT (PCT)-based quantification of dual liver blood supply prior to liver transplantation or liver resections and to correlate results with histological grading of fibrosis stages and AST-platelet ratio index.

Materials And Methods: Institutional review board approved this retrospective study. We analysed 41 consecutive patients (19 classified as Child-Pugh A, 17 as Child-Pugh B, and 5 as Child-Pugh C; MELD score ranged from 7 to 28) who underwent PCT prior to liver transplantation/liver resections between 2013 and 2016.