The Effects of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles on Osteoblasts Mineralization: A Comparison between 2D and 3D Cell Culture Models.

Although several studies assess the biological effects of micro and titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO NPs), the literature shows controversial results regarding their effect on bone cell behavior. Studies on the effects of nanoparticles on mammalian cells on two-dimensional (2D) cell cultures display several disadvantages, such as changes in cell morphology, function, and metabolism and fewer cell-cell contacts. This highlights the need to explore the effects of TiO NPs in more complex 3D environments, to better mimic the bone microenvironment.