GABAergic and glutamatergic inputs to the medulla oblongata and locus coeruleus noradrenergic pathways are critical for seizures and postictal antinociception neuromodulation.

We investigated the participation of the nucleus of the tractus solitarius (NTS) in tonic‒clonic seizures and postictal antinociception control mediated by NMDA receptors, the role of NTS GABAergic interneurons and noradrenergic pathways from the locus coeruleus (LC) in these phenomena. The NTS-lateral nucleus reticularis paragigantocellularis (lPGi)-LC pathway was studied by evaluating neural tract tracer deposits in the lPGi. NMDA and GABAergic receptors agonists and antagonists were microinjected into the NTS, followed by pharmacologically induced seizures.

Cannabidiol and endogenous opioid peptide-mediated mechanisms modulate antinociception induced by transcutaneous electrostimulation of the peripheral nervous system.

Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) is a non-pharmacological therapy for the treatment of pain. The present work investigated the effect of cannabidiol, naloxone and diazepam in combination with 10 Hz and 150 Hz TENS. Male Wistar rats were submitted to the tail-flick test (baseline), and each rodent received an acute administration (intraperitoneal) of naloxone (3.