Reactive Astrocytes Promote Axonal Remodeling of the Corticospinal Tract During Neuronal Recovery Revealed by 18F-THK5351 PET.

A teenager who suffered from left hemiparesis after traumatic brain injury underwent 18F-THK5351 PET 48, 286, and 810 days after the injury. The first scan showed slight uptake in the right corticospinal tract (CST), and the second scan showed intense uptake along the CST, which was significantly reduced in the third scan. The hemiparesis has improved between the first and second scans.

Appearance time of blood in the brain as a possible indicator of oxygen extraction fraction: a feasibility study.

Background: Imaging examination of cerebral blood flow (CBF), oxygen extraction fraction (OEF), and metabolic rate of oxygen is crucial for understanding the normal functioning and pathophysiology of the brain. A recently developed method estimates the appearance time of cerebral blood (ATB) pixel-wise from the imaging examination of CBF alone. In this study, we aimed to test the potential of ATB as an indicator of OEF.

Revealing subependymal giant cell astrocytoma with multimodal positron emission tomography: illustrative cases.

Background: There is limited literature on the use of positron emission tomography (PET) for benign tumors originating in the brain ventricles, and the use of multiple tracers for subependymal giant cell astrocytoma (SEGA) has not been reported. The authors compared the PET findings in two SEGA cases with past reports and literature, exploring the distinctive characteristics of SEGA on PET.

Observations: In a 21-year-old female with SEGA, the authors utilized 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG), 11C-methionine (11C-MET), 18F-fluorothymidine (18F-FLT), 18F-fluoromisonidazole, and 18F-THK5351 tracers.

Comparative evaluation of C-methionine and F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography for distinguishing between primary central nervous system lymphoma and isocitrate dehydrogenase-wildtype glioblastoma.

Purpose: Distinguishing between primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) and isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)-wildtype glioblastoma is important for therapeutic decision-making. This study aimed to compare the performance of C-methionine (MET) and F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) for distinguishing between these two major malignant brain tumors.

Methods: We retrospectively conducted qualitative and semiquantitative analyses of pre-treatment MET and FDG PET/computed tomography (CT) images of 22 patients with PCNSL and 64 patients with IDH-wildtype glioblastoma.

Linear Response Theory of Evolved Metabolic Systems.

Predicting cellular metabolic states is a central problem in biophysics. Conventional approaches, however, sensitively depend on the microscopic details of individual metabolic systems. In this Letter, we derived a universal linear relationship between the metabolic responses against nutrient conditions and metabolic inhibition, with the aid of a microeconomic theory.

A linear reciprocal relationship between robustness and plasticity in homeostatic biological networks.

In physics of living systems, a search for relationships of a few macroscopic variables that emerge from many microscopic elements is a central issue. We evolved gene regulatory networks so that the expression of core genes (partial system) is insensitive to environmental changes. Then, we found the expression levels of the remaining genes autonomously increase to provide a plastic (sensitive) response.

Temporal and spatial changes in reactive astrogliosis examined by F-THK5351 positron emission tomography in a patient with severe traumatic brain injury.

Background: The positron emission tomography (PET) radioligand F-THK5351 is now used to evaluate monoamine oxidase B expression in the reactive astrogliosis seen in various central nervous diseases. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is known to induce reactive astrogliosis in the lesion site. This is a first report to examine the spatial and temporal changes in reactive astrogliosis as evaluated by F-THK5351 after a severe TBI.

Distinguishing between primary central nervous system lymphoma and glioblastoma using [18F]fluoromisonidazole and [18F]FDG PET.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess the diagnostic value of [18F]fluoromisonidazole (FMISO) and 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose (FDG) PET to discriminate primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) from glioblastoma.

Methods: FMISO and FDG PET/CT scans before therapy obtained in 13 patients with PCNSL and in 62 patients with glioblastoma were retrospectively reviewed. PET results were evaluated by visual and semiquantitative analysis.

Fractal analysis of C-methionine PET in patients with newly diagnosed glioma.

Background: The present study tested the possible utility of fractal analysis from L-[methyl-C]-methionine (MET) uptake in patients with newly diagnosed gliomas for differentiating glioma, especially in relation to isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) mutation status, and as compared with the conventional standardized uptake value (SUV) parameters.

Methods: Investigations of MET PET/CT were performed retrospectively in 47 patients with newly diagnosed glioma. Tumors were divided into three groups: lower grade glioma (IDH1-mutant diffuse astrocytoma and IDH1-mutant anaplastic astrocytoma), higher grade glioma (IDH1-wildtype diffuse astrocytoma and IDH1-wildtype anaplastic astrocytoma), and glioblastoma.

Microeconomics of Metabolism: The Warburg Effect as Giffen Behaviour.

Metabolic behaviours of proliferating cells are often explained as a consequence of rational optimization of cellular growth rate, whereas microeconomics formulates consumption behaviours as optimization problems. Here, we pushed beyond the analogy to precisely map metabolism onto the theory of consumer choice. We thereby revealed the correspondence between long-standing mysteries in both fields: the Warburg effect, a seemingly wasteful but ubiquitous strategy where cells favour aerobic glycolysis over more energetically efficient oxidative phosphorylation, and Giffen behaviour, the unexpected consumer behaviour where a good is demanded more as its price rises.

[Points to Note about Neuropsychological Impairment in the Acute Management of Traumatic Brain Injury].

Neuropsychological impairment after traumatic brain injury(TBI)is occasionally difficult to diagnose and called "invisible or hidden impairment," especially when physical impairment is mild. Patients and their family do not recognize the impairment during hospitalization and even after discharge. However, they manifest many problems when they return to real life and society.

Long-term Multidisciplinary Rehabilitation Efficacy in Older Patients After Traumatic Brain Injury: Assessed by the Functional Independence Measure.

Instances of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in the elderly have been increasing along with the aging of popula-tions. In the present study, we examined the effect of aging on long-term multidisciplinary in-patient rehabili-tation efficacy after TBI. Sixty-three patients with physical and cognitive impairments after TBI were enrolled in this study.

Correlation of 4'-[methyl-11C]-thiothymidine PET with Ki-67 immunohistochemistry separately in patients with newly diagnosed and recurrent gliomas.

Objective: 4'-[methyl-11C]-thiothymidine (4DST) uptake on PET was correlated with proliferative activity separately in patients with newly diagnosed and recurrent gliomas.

Methods: A total of 29 patients, 18 with newly diagnosed gliomas and 11 with recurrent gliomas who underwent 4DST PET/computed tomography (CT) were available for a retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data. The maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) of tumor (T) and the mean SUV of normal contralateral hemisphere (N) were calculated, and the tumor-to-normal (T/N) ratio was determined.

Correlation of 4'-[methyl-C]-thiothymidine PET with Gd-enhanced and FLAIR MRI in patients with newly diagnosed glioma.

Purpose: To elucidate the biological association between tumor proliferation, tumor infiltration and neovascularization, we analyzed the association between volumetric information of 4'-[methyl-C]thiothymidine (4DST) positron emission tomography (PET) and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) and T1-weighted gadopentetate dimeglumine (Gd)-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), in patients with newly diagnosed glioma.

Methods: A total of 23 patients with newly diagnosed glioma who underwent both 4DST PET/CT and Gd-enhanced MRI before therapy were available for a retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data. The maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) for tumor (T) and the mean SUV for normal contralateral hemisphere (N) were calculated, and the tumor-to-normal (T/N) ratio was determined.

Clinicopathologic Factors Associated with Tumor Necrosis after Preoperative Embolization of Meningiomas.

Objective: Preoperative embolization of meningiomas induces necrosis prior to surgery and facilitates resection. Lack of contrast enhancement on postembolization MRI correlates with pathological findings of necrosis and can be used to assess embolization efficacy. This study aimed to examine clinicopathologic factors associated with tumor necrosis after embolization.

Hypoxic stress visualized in the cervical spinal cord of ALS patients.

: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive and fatal motor neuron disease. Hypoxic stress is suspected as the pathogenesis of ALS, however, no positron emission tomography (PET) study for hypoxic stress has been conducted in the spinal cord of ALS patients.: In the present study, we examined cervical spinal hypoxic stress of nineALS patients with upper extremity (U/E) atrophy byF-fluoromisonidazole (FMISO) PET.

18F-THK5351 PET Can Identify Lesions of Acute Traumatic Brain Injury.

A 67-year-old woman sustained a mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) in a traffic accident and had an initial Glasgow Coma Scale score of 13. She underwent F-THK5351 PET 18 days after TBI. Fused F-THK5351 PET/MRI showed that the location of F-THK5351 accumulations corresponded anatomically to intraparenchymal lesions of acute TBI on MRI.

Association between carotid F-NaF and F-FDG uptake on PET/CT with ischemic vascular brain disease on MRI in patients with carotid artery disease.

Objective: Atherosclerosis is a dynamic and complex process characterized by the formation and progression of plaque mediated by various pathophysiologic steps including inflammation and calcification. The present study aimed to evaluate the association between carotid F-sodium fluoride (NaF) and F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake with the severity of ischemic vascular brain disease on MRI in patients with carotid artery disease.

Methods: A total of 28 patients who were scheduled to undergo clinically indicated carotid endarterectomy or stenting for carotid artery disease were examined with F-NaF and F-FDG PET/CT and brain MRI.

Coordination of Polyploid Chromosome Replication with Cell Size and Growth in a Cyanobacterium.

Homologous chromosome number (ploidy) has diversified among bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes over evolution. In bacteria, model organisms such as possess a single chromosome encoding the entire genome during slow growth. In contrast, other bacteria, including cyanobacteria, maintain multiple copies of individual chromosomes (polyploid).

A Rare Case of Postoperative Symptomatic Cyst Formation After Resection of a Large Convexity Meningioma.

Background: Symptomatic cyst formation after brain tumor resection is a rare complication of the early postoperative phase. We describe a complicated case of postoperative symptomatic cyst formation after gross total removal of a convexity meningioma.

Case Description: A 59-year-old woman presented with recent onset motor aphasia.

Correlation of 4'-[methyl-C]-thiothymidine uptake with human equilibrative nucleoside transporter-1 and thymidine kinase-1 expressions in patients with newly diagnosed gliomas.

Objective: We examined expressions of human equilibrative nucleoside transporter-1 (hENT1) and thymidine kinase-1 (TK1), the key enzyme in 4'-[methyl-C]-thiothymidine (4DST) phosphorylation, to elucidate the mechanism of 4DST uptake in patients with newly diagnosed gliomas.

Methods: A total of 19 patients with newly diagnosed gliomas were examined with 4DST PET. Tumor lesions were identified as areas of focally increased uptake, exceeding that of normal brain background.