Degradation of p0071 and p120-catenin during adherens junction disassembly by .

disseminates hematogenously to reach the target organs by disrupting epithelial adherens junctions (AJs), thus causing leptospirosis, which is a globally neglected zoonotic disease. induces E-cadherin (E-cad) endocytosis and cytoskeletal rearrangement during AJ disassembly, but the detailed mechanism remains unknown. Elucidation of AJ disassembly mechanisms will guide new approaches to developing vaccines and diagnostic methods.

Significant removal of bacterial biofilm induced by multiple-Short ranges of electric interventions.

Background: Biofilm-related infections are serious problems in the Orthopedics field, and Staphylococcus aureus are the most popular causative agents of bacterial infections associated with arthroplasty. Several studies demonstrated a synergistic effect of the electric intervention (EI) and the antibiotic administration in killing bacteria in biofilm; however, a constant, long-time EI was needed. In the present study, the effective removal of biofilm formed with S.

Whole-genome analysis of a Vibrio cholerae O1 biotype classical strain isolated in 1946 in Sasebo city, Nagasaki prefecture, from a returnee from the northeast part of China.

Background: Cholera is a water-borne disease caused by toxigenic Vibrio cholerae serogroups O1 and O139. Not a few studies on the whole-genome analyses of V. cholerae O1 biotype El Tor have been published; however, the number of analyses for biotype classical is limited.

Fermentation products of the fungus Monascus spp. impairs the physiological activities of toxin-producing Vibrio cholerae.

Monascus spp. are filamentous fungi used in fermented foods. They are also natural colorants and food preservatives.

Risk Factors Associated with Diarrheal Episodes in an Agricultural Community in Nam Dinh Province, Vietnam: A Prospective Cohort Study.

In Vietnam, data on the risk factors for diarrhea at the community level remain sparse. This study aimed to provide an overview of diarrheal diseases in an agricultural community in Vietnam, targeting all age groups. Specifically, we investigated the incidence of diarrheal disease at the community level and described the potential risk factors associated with diarrheal diseases.

Corrigendum to: Phylogenetic Analysis Revealed the Dissemination of Closely Related Epidemic O1 Isolates in Laos, Thailand, and Vietnam.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofaa492.].

Immunological Responses to Seoul Orthohantavirus in Experimentally and Naturally Infected Brown Rats ().

To clarify the mechanism of Seoul orthohantavirus (SEOV) persistence, we compared the humoral and cell-mediated immune responses to SEOV in experimentally and naturally infected brown rats. Rats that were experimentally infected by the intraperitoneal route showed transient immunoglobulin M (IgM) production, followed by an increased anti-SEOV immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody response and maturation of IgG avidity. The level of SEOV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) peaked at 6 days after inoculation and the viral genome disappeared from serum.

Disassembly of the apical junctional complex during the transmigration of Leptospira interrogans across polarized renal proximal tubule epithelial cells.

Bacterial pathogens have evolved multiple strategies to disassemble epithelial cell apical junctional complexes (AJCs) and infect epithelial cells. Leptospirosis is a widespread zoonotic infection, mainly caused by Leptospira interrogans, and its dissemination across host cell barriers is essential for its pathogenesis. However, the mechanism of bacterial dissemination across epithelial cell barriers remains poorly characterised.

Molecular epidemiology of Cryptosporidium spp. in an agricultural area of northern Vietnam: A community survey.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the occurrence of Cryptosporidium infection and the potential for transmission of Cryptosporidium spp. between animals and humans in northern Vietnam. A total of 2715 samples (2120 human diarrheal samples, 471 human non-diarrheal samples, and 124 animal stool samples) were collected through our community survey in an agricultural area.

Molecular epidemiology of spp. in northern Vietnam: Potential transmission between animals and humans.

spp. is detected frequently in humans and animals. Although many studies have been conducted on the epidemiology of giardiasis, there is a scarcity of information on the genetic diversity and the dynamics of transmission of spp.

Phylogenetic Analysis Revealed the Dissemination of Closely Related Epidemic O1 Isolates in Laos, Thailand, and Vietnam.

We performed whole-genome sequencing of O1 isolates from Laos, Thailand, and Vietnam, where cholera outbreaks occurred, to determine their genetic lineages. Core genome phylogenetic analysis revealed that the isolates located in same lineage without regional clusters, which suggests that closely related strains circulated in Southeast Asia.

Understanding leptospirosis eco-epidemiology by environmental DNA metabarcoding of irrigation water from two agro-ecological regions of Sri Lanka.

Background: Leptospirosis is one of the most significant zoonoses across the world not only because of its impact on human and animal health but also because of the economic and social impact on agrarian communities. Leptospirosis is endemic in Sri Lanka where paddy farming activities, the use of draught animals in agriculture, and peridomestic animals in urban and rural areas play important roles in maintaining the infection cycle of pathogenic Leptospira, especially concerning animals as a potential reservoir. In this study, an environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding methodology was applied in two different agro-ecological regions of Sri Lanka to understand the eco-epidemiology of leptospirosis.

Existence of Replication-Competent Minor Variants with Different Coreceptor Usage in Plasma from HIV-1-Infected Individuals.

Cell entry by HIV-1 is mediated by its principal receptor, CD4, and a coreceptor, either CCR5 or CXCR4, with viral envelope glycoprotein gp120. Generally, CCR5-using HIV-1 variants, called R5, predominate over most of the course of infection, while CXCR4-using HIV-1 variants (variants that utilize both CCR5 and CXCR4 [R5X4, or dual] or CXCR4 alone [X4]) emerge at late-stage infection in half of HIV-1-infected individuals and are associated with disease progression. Although X4 variants also appear during acute-phase infection in some cases, these variants apparently fall to undetectable levels thereafter.

The role of conventional antibodies targeting the CD4 binding site and CD4-induced epitopes in the control of HIV-1 CRF01_AE viruses.

HIV-1 CRF01_AE viruses are highly prevalent in Southeast Asia. However, vulnerability sites in Env of CRF01_AE viruses have not been investigated sufficiently. We examined the sensitivity of CRF01_AE viruses from Japan and Vietnam, together with subtype B viruses from Japan, to neutralization and Fc-mediated signaling.

Comparative analyses of CTX prophage region of Vibrio cholerae seventh pandemic wave 1 strains isolated in Asia.

Vibrio cholerae O1 causes cholera, and cholera toxin, the principal mediator of massive diarrhea, is encoded by ctxAB in the cholera toxin (CTX) prophage. In this study, the structures of the CTX prophage region of V. cholerae strains isolated during the seventh pandemic wave 1 in Asian countries were determined and compared.

Characterizing interactions of Leptospira interrogans with proximal renal tubule epithelial cells.

Background: Leptospira interrogans is a pathogenic, spirochetal bacterium that is responsible for leptospirosis, an emerging worldwide zoonosis. Leptospires colonize the renal proximal tubules and chronically infect the kidney. Live bacteria are excreted into urine, contaminating the environment.

Leptospiral 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase as an early urinary biomarker of leptospirosis.

Leptospirosis, caused by spirochetes of the genus , is a globally widespread, neglected and emerging zoonotic disease. The currently used diagnostic tests are time-consuming, require technical expertise or require the use of sophisticated equipment. Clinicians have pointed out the urgent need to develop a rapid test for the diagnosis of acute leptospirosis with a non-invasive and easy sampling method.

Effects of Psidium guajava leaf extract on secretion systems of Gram-negative enteropathogenic bacteria.

We screened a total of 672 plant-tissue extracts to search for phytochemicals that inhibit the function of the type III secretion system (T3SS) of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) and enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC). Among candidates examined, we found that an extract from the leaves of Psidium guajava (guava) inhibited the secretion of the EspB protein from EPEC and EHEC without affecting bacterial growth.

Analysis of Vibrio seventh pandemic island II and novel genomic islands in relation to attachment sequences among a wide variety of Vibrio cholerae strains.

Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor, the pathogen responsible for the current cholera pandemic, became pathogenic by acquiring virulent factors including Vibrio seventh pandemic islands (VSP)-I and -II. Diversity of VSP-II is well recognized; however, studies addressing attachment sequence left (attL) sequences of VSP-II are few. In this report, a wide variety of V.

Epigallocatechin gallate inhibits the type III secretion system of Gram-negative enteropathogenic bacteria under model conditions.

Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), a major polyphenol in green tea, inhibits the type III secretion system (T3SS) of enteropathogenic and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EPEC and EHEC, respectively), Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. The inhibitory effect causes the inhibition of hemolysis, cell invasion, cell adhesion and apoptosis, which are functions of the type III secretion device. In the case of EPEC, EspB accumulates in the cells.

Genetic diversity of environmental Vibrio cholerae O1 strains isolated in Northern Vietnam.

Cholera epidemics have been recorded periodically in Vietnam during the seventh cholera pandemic. Since cholera is a water-borne disease, systematic monitoring of environmental waters for Vibrio cholerae presence is important for predicting and preventing cholera epidemics. We conducted monitoring, isolation, and genetic characterization of V.

Comparative genome analysis of VSP-II and SNPs reveals heterogenic variation in contemporary strains of Vibrio cholerae O1 isolated from cholera patients in Kolkata, India.

Cholera is an acute diarrheal disease and a major public health problem in many developing countries in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. Since the Bay of Bengal is considered the epicenter for the seventh cholera pandemic, it is important to understand the genetic dynamism of Vibrio cholerae from Kolkata, as a representative of the Bengal region. We analyzed whole genome sequence data of V.