Hands-Free Haptic Navigation Devices for Actual Walking.

In this survey, we give an overview of hands-free haptic devices specifically designed for navigation guidance while walking. We present and discuss the devices by body part, namely devices for the arm, foot and leg, back, belly and shoulders, waist and finally the head. Although the majority of the experimental tests were successful in terms of reaching the target while being guided by the device, the experimental requirements were wide-ranging.

Hand-Held Haptic Navigation Devices for Actual Walking.

In this survey, we give an overview of hand-held haptic navigation devices specifically designed for and tested with pedestrians. We distinguish devices for indoor use and for outdoor use as the implementation is usually quite different. Outdoor devices make use of Global Positioning Systems (GPS) tracking built-in in smartphones; indoor devices use a variety of sensors, and tracking and localization systems and these are usually restricted to a small part of a building.