Alteration of proteome in germinating seedlings of piegonpea () after salt stress.

Unlabelled: Pigeonpea () is an important crop in semi-arid regions and a significant source of dietary proteins in India. The plant is sensitive to salinity stress, which adversely affects its productivity. Based on the dosage-dependent influence of salinity stress on the growth and ion contents in the young seedlings of pigeonpea, a comparative proteome analysis of control and salt stressed (150 mM NaCl) plants was conducted using 7 days-old seedlings.

Expression level of Na homeostasis-related genes and salt-tolerant abilities in backcross introgression lines of rice crop under salt stress at reproductive stage.

Salt stress in the rice field is one of the most common abiotic stresses, reducing crop productivity, especially at reproductive stage, which is very sensitive to salt stress. The aim of this investigation was to study mRNA-related Na uptake/translocation and Na enrichment in the cellular level, leading to physiological changes, growth characteristics, and yield attributes in FL530 [salt-tolerant genotype; carrying SKC1 (in relation to high-affinity potassium transporters controlling Na and K translocation) and qSt1b (linking to salt injury score) QTLs] and KDML105 (salt-sensitive cultivar; lacking both QTLs) parental lines and 221-48 (carrying SKC1 and qSt1b QTLs) derived from BILs (backcross introgression lines) at 50% flowering of rice, under 150-mM NaCl until harvesting process. The upregulation of OsHKT1;5 (mediating Na exclusion into xylem parenchyma cells) and OsNHX1 (Na/H exchanger to secrete Na into vacuole) and downregulation of OsHKT2;1 and OsHKT2;2 (mediating Na restriction in the roots, leaf sheath and older leaves) in cvs.

Expression levels of vacuolar ion homeostasis-related genes, Na enrichment, and their physiological responses to salt stress in sugarcane genotypes.

Sugarcane is a sugar-producing crop widely grown in tropical regions in over 120 countries of the world. Salt-affected soil is one of the most significant abiotic constraints that inhibit growth and crop productivity, and, consequently, reduce sucrose concentration in the stalk. The present study investigated vacuolar ion homeostasis, Na accumulation, and physiological and morphological adaptations under salt stress in two different sugarcane genotypes (salt-tolerant K88-92 and salt-sensitive K92-80) under greenhouse conditions.

Functional characterization of aminotransferase involved in serine and aspartate metabolism in a halotolerant cyanobacterium, Aphanothece halophytica.

Aminotransferases catalyze the reversible pyridoxal phosphate-dependent transfer of amino groups from amino acids to oxo acids and play important roles for the balance between carbon and nitrogen metabolism. In this report, four aminotransferases (Ap1-Ap4) from a halotolerant cyanobacterium Aphanothece halophytica were examined. The results revealed that Ap1 and Ap2 exhibited the aspartate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase (AspAT) activity whereas Ap2 catalyzed further aminotransferase activities with alanine (AlaAT) and LL-diaminopimelate (an intermediate for the synthesis of Lys/peptidoglycan) as amino donors.

Expression and functional characterization of sugar beet phosphoethanolamine/phosphocholine phosphatase under salt stress.

Choline is a vital metabolite in plant and synthesized from phosphocholine by phosphocholine phosphatase. The Arabidopsis At1g17710 was identified as the first plant gene encoding the phosphatase for both phosphoethanolamine and phosphocholine (PECP) with much higher catalytic efficiency (>10-fold) for former. In betaine accumulating plants, choline is further required for betaine synthesis.

Heterologous Expression of Serine Hydroxymethyltransferase-3 From Rice Confers Tolerance to Salinity Stress in and Arabidopsis.

Unlabelled: Among abiotic stresses, salt stress adversely affects growth and development in rice. Contrasting salt tolerant (CSR27), and salt sensitive (MI48) rice varieties provided information on an array of genes that may contribute for salt tolerance of rice. Earlier studies on transcriptome and proteome profiling led to the identification of salt stress-induced serine hydroxymethyltransferase-3 () gene.

Biosynthetic pathways of glycinebetaine in Thalassiosira pseudonana; functional characterization of enzyme catalyzing three-step methylation of glycine.

Betaine (trimethylglycine) is an important compatible solute that accumulates in response to abiotic stresses such as drought and salinity. Biosynthetic pathways of betaine have been extensively studied, but it remains to be clarified on algae. A diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana CCMP1335 is an important component of marine ecosystems.

Isolation, expression, and functional analysis of developmentally regulated plasma membrane polypeptide 1 (DREPP1) in Sporobolus virginicus grown under alkali salt stress.

The plant specific DREPP proteins have been shown to bind Ca and regulate the N-myristoylation signaling and microtubule polymerization in Arabidopsis thaliana. The information about DREPP proteins in other plants is, however, scarce. In the present study, we isolated the DREPP gene from a halophytic grass, Sporobolus virginicus, and tested whether the gene was involved in alkaline salt stress responses.

Dimethylsulfoniopropionate biosynthesis in a diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana: Identification of a gene encoding MTHB-methyltransferase.

Dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) is one of the most abundant molecules on earth and plays a pivotal role in the marine sulfur cycle. DMSP is believed to be synthesized from methionine by a four-step reaction pathway in marine algae. The genes responsible for biosynthesis of DMSP remain unidentified.

Isolation and functional characterization of 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase involved in salt responses in sugar beet.

The present study investigated the significance of serine biosynthetic genes for salt stress in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris). We isolated a total of four genes, two each encoding D-3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (BvPGDHa and BvPGDHb) and serine hydroxymethyl transferase (BvSHMTa and BvSHMTb). mRNA transcriptional expression for BvPGDHa was significantly enhanced under salt stress conditions in both leaves and roots of sugar beet, whereas it was reduced for BvPGDHb.

DNA damage protecting and free radical scavenging properties of mycosporine-2-glycine from the Dead Sea cyanobacterium in A375 human melanoma cell lines.

Mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) are a group of natural sunscreen compounds that possess highly photoprotective properties. The most commonly found MAAs in marine organisms is shinorine, porphyra-334, and mycosporine-glycine. However, the halophilic species accumulate mycosporine-2-glycine (M2G) as the major MAA.

Overexpression of halophilic serine hydroxymethyltransferase in fresh water cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus PCC7942 results in increased enzyme activities of serine biosynthetic pathways and enhanced salinity tolerance.

Serine hydroxymethyltransferase (SHMT) catalyzes the conversion of serine to glycine and provides activated one-carbon units required for synthesis of nucleic acids, proteins and numerous biological compounds. SHMT is involved in photorespiratory pathway of oxygenic photosynthetic organisms. Accumulating evidence revealed that SHMT plays vital role for abiotic stresses such as low CO and high salinity in plants, but its role in cyanobacteria remains to be clarified.

Elucidation of salt-tolerance metabolic pathways in contrasting rice genotypes and their segregating progenies.

Differentially expressed antioxidant enzymes, amino acids and proteins in contrasting rice genotypes, and co-location of their genes in the QTLs mapped using bi-parental population, indicated their role in salt tolerance. Soil salinity is a major environmental constraint limiting rice productivity. Salt-tolerant 'CSR27', salt-sensitive 'MI48'and their extreme tolerant and sensitive recombinant inbred line (RIL) progenies were used for the elucidation of salt stress tolerance metabolic pathways.

Nitrate and amino acid availability affects glycine betaine and mycosporine-2-glycine in response to changes of salinity in a halotolerant cyanobacterium Aphanothece halophytica.

A halotolerant cyanobacterium Aphanothece halophytica thrives in extreme salinity with accumulation of a potent osmoprotectant glycine betaine. Recently, this cyanobacterium was shown to accumulate sunscreen molecule mycosporine-2-glycine significantly at high salinity. In this study, we investigated effects of nitrate and amino acid provision on the accumulation of glycine betaine and mycosporine-2-glycine.

Physio-biochemical and morphological characters of halophyte legume shrub, Acacia ampliceps seedlings in response to salt stress under greenhouse.

Acacia ampliceps (salt wattle), a leguminous shrub, has been introduced in salt-affected areas in the northeast of Thailand for the remediation of saline soils. However, the defense mechanisms underlying salt tolerance A. ampliceps are unknown.

Suppressed expression of choline monooxygenase in sugar beet on the accumulation of glycine betaine.

Glycine betaine (GB) is an important osmoprotectant and synthesized by two-step oxidation of choline. Choline monooxygenase (CMO) catalyzes the first step of the pathway and is believed to be a rate limiting step for GB synthesis. Recent studies have shown the importance of choline-precursor supply for GB synthesis.

Functional and expression analyses of two kinds of betaine aldehyde dehydrogenases in a glycinebetaine-hyperaccumulating graminaceous halophyte, Leymus chinensis.

Glycinebetaine (GB) is an important compatible solute for salinity tolerance in many plants. In this study, we analyzed the enzymatic activity and the expression level of betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH), an important enzyme that catalyzes the last step in the GB synthesis in Leymus chinensis, a GB-hyperaccumulating graminaceous halophyte, and compared with those of barley, a graminaceous glycophyte. We have isolated cDNAs for two BADH genes, LcBADH1 and LcBADH2.

Improved Alkane Production in Nitrogen-Fixing and Halotolerant Cyanobacteria via Abiotic Stresses and Genetic Manipulation of Alkane Synthetic Genes.

Cyanobacteria possess the unique capacity to produce alkane. In this study, effects of nitrogen deficiency and salt stress on biosynthesis of alkanes were investigated in three kinds of cyanobacteria. Intracellular alkane accumulation was increased in nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterium Anabaena sp.

Expression of developmentally regulated plasma membrane polypeptide (DREPP2) in rice root tip and interaction with Ca(2+)/CaM complex and microtubule.

The cytoplasmic free Ca(2+) could play an important role for salt tolerance in rice root (Oryza sativa L.). Here, we compared the expression profiles of two putative developmentally regulated plasma membrane polypeptides (DREPP1 and DREPP2) in rice roots of salt-tolerant cv.

Caleosin from Chlorella vulgaris TISTR 8580 is salt-induced and heme-containing protein.

Physiological and functional properties of lipid droplet-associated proteins in algae remain scarce. We report here the caleosin gene from Chlorella vulgaris encodes a protein of 279 amino acid residues. Amino acid sequence alignment showed high similarity to the putative caleosins from fungi, but less to plant caleosins.

Differential accumulation of glycinebetaine and choline monooxygenase in bladder hairs and lamina leaves of Atriplex gmelini under high salinity.

Atriplex gmelini is a halophyte and possesses bladder hairs on the leaf surface. It is also known to accumulate the osmoprotectant glycinebetaine (GB). However, it remains unclear whether GB and its biosynthetic enzyme choline monooxygenase (CMO) accumulate in the bladder hairs.

Expression and functional analysis of putative vacuolar Ca2+-transporters (CAXs and ACAs) in roots of salt tolerant and sensitive rice cultivars.

Vacuolar Ca2+-transporters could play an important role for salt tolerance in rice (Oryza sativa L.) root. Here, we compared the expression profiles of putative vacuolar cation/H+ exchanger (CAX) and calmodulin-regulated autoinhibited Ca2+-ATPase (ACA) in rice roots of salt tolerant cv.

Identification and upregulation of biosynthetic genes required for accumulation of Mycosporine-2-glycine under salt stress conditions in the halotolerant cyanobacterium Aphanothece halophytica.

Mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) are valuable molecules that are the basis for important photoprotective constituents. Here we report molecular analysis of mycosporine-like amino acid biosynthetic genes from the halotolerant cyanobacterium Aphanothece halophytica, which can survive at high salinity and alkaline pH. This extremophile was found to have a unique MAA core (4-deoxygadusol)-synthesizing gene separated from three other genes.

Regulation of some carbohydrate metabolism-related genes, starch and soluble sugar contents, photosynthetic activities and yield attributes of two contrasting rice genotypes subjected to salt stress.

Soluble carbohydrates play a key role as osmolytes and significantly contribute in salt defence mechanism, especially in halophyte species. The objective of this study is to investigate the transcriptional expression of starch-related genes, sugar profile and physiological performances of two contrasting rice genotypes, Pokkali (salt tolerant) and IR29 (salt sensitive), in response to salt stress. Total soluble sugars, glucose and fructose levels in the flag leaf of salt-stressed Pokkali rice were enhanced relative to soluble starch accumulation in plants exposed to EC = 13.