[Metachronous tumors of the stomach in a patient with autoimmune gastritis].

Stomach cancer continues to be a global health problem, ranking 5th among cancers and 4th among the causes of death from cancer in the world. Autoimmune atrophic gastritis is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by the production of antibodies to parietal cells and intrinsic factor, followed by atrophy of the mucous membrane of the body and fundus of the stomach. Chronic autoimmune inflammation can lead to damage to the genetic apparatus of the cell and trigger a multi-stage process of carcinogenesis.

[Assessment of histologic activity in colitis].

The histological activity of the bowel inflammation is an extremely important morphological criterion that is encountered in the diagnosis of colitis. However, the determining of its degree is subjective and still does not have a generally accepted principle of gradation. The article describes the most common scale-schemes for assessing the severity of colitis, that include the degree of microscopic changes.

[A new look at colonic mucosal structural rearrangement and the stages of chronic colitis].

Objective: To revise the existing criteria to improve the definition of chronic colitis stages in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs).

Material And Methods: A total of 100 cases of IBDs (ulcerative colitis (=70) and Crohn's disease (=30) diagnosed in 2017 to 2019 were examined. Thirty patients with colitis were selected for a comparison group, who were assigned to an infective colitis group or a drug-induced colitis one at the final diagnosis.

[Adrenocortical cancer: morphological variants, immunohistochemical characteristics].

Unlabelled: Adrenocortical cancer (ACC) is a rare endocrine malignancy of the adrenal cortex, which has an unfavorable prognosis and extremely aggressive clinical behavior in most cases. Nevertheless, cases of a more favorable disease course with late metastasis and slow progression have been described. In 2017, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and the World Health Organization (WHO) in the 4 edition of the Classification of Tumors of the Endocrine Organs identified histological variants of ACC, such as classical, oncocytic, myxoid, and sarcomatoid ones, indicating the morphological heterogeneity of this tumor.

[Molecular genetic markers and criteria for the prediction of adrenocortical carcinoma].

Studies of the last decade have demonstrated that the morphological and immunophenotypic patterns of adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) have a high heterogeneity in both the occurrence of various tumors and the development of a solitary tumor. Carcinogenesis of ACC, like most neoplastic processes, is associated with mutations in at least 15 driver genes, with a wide range of chromosomal aberrations, epigenomic changes, and alterations of the microRNA profile. According to the literature, isolated genetic damage is also insufficient for the manifestation of the malignant phenotype of adrenocortical cells.

[Current criteria for the diagnosis of adrenocortical carcinoma].

Adrenocortical carcinoma is a rare malignant tumor of the adrenal cortex with an unfavorable prognosis. In 2017, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and the World Health Organization (WHO) published the 4th edition of the WHO Classification of Tumors of Endocrine Organs. The updated classification reflects a multidisciplinary experience in diagnosing and predicting the course of adrenal cortex tumors, obtained on the basis of current studies.

[Diagnostic problems of histological remission in patients with inflammatory bowel disease].

Aim: to analyze the generally accepted histological criteria for diagnosing the activity of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in patients with therapy-induced endoscopic remission.

Subjects And Methods: Colon biopsy specimens from 57 patients aged from 19 to 52 years (mean age 31±2.5 years), including 41 patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) and 16 with Crohn's disease (CD) affecting the colon, were examined.

[Somatostatin receptor expression in the ileal mucosa of patients with inflammatory bowel disease].

Aim: to investigate the specific features of somatostatin receptor expression in the ileal mucosa of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).

Material And Methods: Ileal biopsy specimens from 42 patients aged 22 to 55 years, including 16 patients with Crohn's disease (CD), 14 with indeterminate colitis of IBD unclassified (IBDU), and 12 with the unchanged ileal mucosa (a comparison group). Immunohistochemical examination was performed using anti-somatostatin receptor type 2 (SSTR-2) antibodies (Epitomics, USA).

[Adrenocortical oncocytoma].

The paper characterizes adrenocortical oncocytoma, a rare adrenal tumor, accompanied by Cushing's syndrome and estrogen and androgen production and provides histological and immunohistochemical features. The authors describe their observation of a 33-year-old female woman. It is shown that estimation of the malignant potential of adrenocortical oncocytomas requires a special approach and must be done using the Lin-Weiss-Bisceglia criteria.

[Morphological features of oesophagogastric junction mucosa in children with gastroesophageal reflux disease].

In present work we studied the morphological features of the esophageal mucosa in 63 children with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). The biopsies were taken at level of 3 cm above a Z-line and at level of 0.5-1 cm above a Z-line.

[Primary thyroid extranodal marginal zone lymphoma].

The paper gives the data available in the literature on the clinical and morphological features of thyroid lymphomas and on their diagnostic principles. The authors' observation details the histological and immunohistochemical characteristics of primary thyroid extranodal marginal zone lymphoma. The specific feature of the observation is total thyroid tissue substitution for tumor cells so the characteristic sign of chronic autoimmune thyroiditis were undetectable, but found only immunohistochemically from the remaining thyroid tissue follicle-like structures, which bears out the relationship between the development of lymphoma and autoimmune thyroiditis.

[Sclerosing mucoepidermoid carcinoma with eosinophilia of the thyroid gland].

The paper characterizes sclerosing mucoepidermoid carcinoma with eosinophilia, a rare thyroid tumor, including histological and immunohistochemical features. The authors give their observation of a 26-year-old patient. The immunohistochemical findings (positive p63 and TTF-1 tumor cell nuclear staining) show the dual nature of a tumor arising from the cells of the ultimobranchial body and follicular epithelium.

[Morphological features of the esophagogastric transition zone at fetuses and newborns].

Morphological research of the esophagogastric transition mucosa at 35 fetuses and newborns was done. The esophagogastric transition was lined by high columnar epithelium and mucos glands. At fetuses of 22-24 week gestational age studied zone didn't have any glands.

[Current approaches to morphological diagnosis of inflammatory bowel diseases from endoscopic biopsy specimens].

Morphological diagnosis of childhood inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) from colonic biopsy specimens presents great difficulties. A definitive morphological diagnosis can be made in not more than half the patients with suspected IBD who are referred for colonoscopy. Unclassified colitis has to be diagnosed in more than 25% of cases.

[Modernization of methods for tissue sampling and preparation for a histological study at autopsy].

Preparation of autopsy material for a histological study for correct diagnosis is not less important than that of a biopsy specimen. Based on their accumulated experience, the authors propose a number of modernizations to prepare autopsy material for the study of lung, bone marrow, and intestinal abnormalities, which require no higher work intensity, but at the same time contribute to a unified approach to investigating tissues and organs in certain pathological processes in pediatric care.

[A method for assessing bacterial microflora by fluorescence in situ hybridization].

The use of current diagnostic methods in a pathologist's practice, including the assessment of the bacterial microflora by the molecular microbiological technique fluorescence in situ hybridization is important and promising. The detection of bacteria and changes in the microbial flora makes it possible to clarify the nature of found morphological changes and to expand the diagnostic value of a postmortem study.

[Difficulties of morphological diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease based on the endoscopic biopsy in children].

Pathology diagnostics of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) in children on the material of colonobiopsies presents considerable difficulties. Definitive morphological diagnosis could be done probably no more than at half of the patients with suspicion on IBD. Diagnosis of unlassified colitis it is necessary to use to the diagnosis in more than 25% of cases.

[Morphological changes in esophageal mucosa in children with overweight].

In present work we studied the morphological features of the esophageal mucosa in 63 children with endoscopic diagnosis of the distal esophagitis having overweight and normal weight of a body. The biopsies were taken at level of 3 cm above a Z-line and at level of 1 cm above a Z-line. Dystrophic and dysregenerative changes were revealed at the majority of children and half of children had inflammatory changes of the esophageal mucosa regardless of weight of a body.

[Morphological and immunohistogenetical features of colon cancer in children].

We carried out postmortem and immunohistological studies of 3 cases of colon cancer in a 14-year-old (case 1) and an 8-year-old girl (case 2), and Turcot's syndrome in a 14-year-old girl (case 3). Tumors were located in the proximal portions of the colon and they were of rare histological types. The expression of proteins--the products of MLH 1, MHS2, and MHS6 genes responsible for DNA reparation was estimated.

[Morphological features of juvenile colon polyps in children].

Histological, histochemical and immunohistochemical studies of 50 solitary juvenile polyps (JP) and 50 JP from children with juvenile polyposis syndrome (JPS) were performed. Observations of the focal complex glandular structures with high mitotic rate were more frequent in JP from patients with JPS (n = 29, 58%) than in solitary JP (n = 17, 34%) (p < 0.03).

[Morphological characteristics of inflammatory polyps of the large intestine in children].

Inflammatory polyps of 32 children were studied morphologically. Inflammatory polyps comprised more than 20% of all removed polyps in 1983-2002. They were second among common polyps in children after juvenile polyps.

[Iliac mucosa changes in late periods after total colectomy in patients with syndromes of gastro-intestinal polyposis].

We studied follow-up iliac mucosa biopsies from 11 patients with juvenile polyposis and 4 patients with familial adenomatous polyposis who had undergone total colectomy with mucosal proctoectomy with creation of straight ileoanal anastomosis. The biopsies that have been taken from the posterior wall of the terminal ileum show incomplete and focal neocolonic transformation of iliac mucosa. Nevertheless, in most cases iliac mucosa preserved its architectural and histochemical characteristics.

[Morphological characteristics of gastrointestinal lesions in patients after total colectomy for colon polyposis].

11 patients with juvenile polyposis and 4 patients with familial adenomatous polyposis after total colectomy entered the study. Long-term follow-up with endoscopic examination and multiple biopsies in these patients showed high probability of polyps in preserved regions of the gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, regular prophylactic endoscopy, morphological examinations and biopsies of endoscopically normal mucous membrane are justified.