Race differences in predictors of weight gain among a community sample of smokers enrolled in a randomized controlled trial of a multiple behavior change intervention.

African Americans have disproportionate rates of post-cessation weight gain compared to non-Hispanic whites, but few studies have examined this weight gain in a multiracial sample of smokers receiving evidence-based treatment in a community setting. We examined race differences in short-term weight gain during an intervention to foster smoking cessation plus weight management. Data were drawn from the Best Quit Study, a randomized controlled trial conducted via telephone quitlines across the U.

Marijuana Use and Adherence to Smoking Cessation Treatment Among Callers to Tobacco Quitlines.

Introduction: Tobacco kills over half a million adults annually in the United States. Most smokers want to quit, and over 400,000 call state-funded quitlines for help each year. Marijuana use among tobacco users is common and may impede quitting, but co-use rates among quitline callers are unknown.

The impact of primary care behavioral health services on patient behaviors: A randomized controlled trial.

Introduction: Greater understanding of the impact of low intensity psychosocial interventions delivered by behavioral health clinicians (BHCs) working in an integrated care program (ICP) may promote better depression care.

Method: In a randomized controlled trial, 153 participants identified as depressed by their primary care provider (PCP) were assigned to ICP or usual care (UC, management by PCP, including specialty referral). In the ICP condition, BHCs worked collaboratively with PCPs and liaison psychiatrists.

Culturally-tailored text-messaging intervention for smoking cessation in rural American Indian communities: Rationale, design, and methods.

Background: American Indian (AI) and Alaska Native (AN) communities experience disproportionately high rates of tobacco use when compared to the overall U.S. population, especially among rural populations.

Six Month Abstinence Heterogeneity in the Best Quit Study.

Background: Understanding the characteristics of smokers who are successful in quitting may help to increase smoking cessation rates.

Purpose: To examine heterogeneity in cessation outcome at 6 months following smoking cessation behavioral counseling with or without weight management counseling.

Methods: 2,540 smokers were recruited from a large quitline provider and then randomized to receive proactive smoking cessation behavioral counseling without or with two versions of weight management counseling.

Specialized tobacco quitline and basic needs navigation interventions to increase cessation among low income smokers: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.

Smoking in the United States follows a clear socioeconomic gradient: low-income Americans smoke more and quit less than those with more education and income. Evidence-based interventions like tobacco quitlines are designed to make effective cessation services available on a population basis to all smokers. However, these interventions do not address many of the unique challenges faced by low-income smokers, including unmet basic needs like food, housing, personal safety and money for necessities that often supersede health needs.

Impact of a novel oral health promotion program on routine oral hygiene among socioeconomically disadvantaged smokers: results from a randomized semi-pragmatic trial.

Smokers are at high risk of oral disease and report sub-optimal oral hygiene. Improving smokers' oral hygiene could reduce their future disease risk. The purpose of this study is to assess the effects of a novel, multi-modal oral health promotion program (Oral Health 4 Life; OH4L) targeted to socioeconomically disadvantaged smokers and delivered through state-funded tobacco quitlines.

Factors associated with future dental care utilization among low-income smokers overdue for dental visits.

Background: Smokers are at increased risk of oral disease. While routine dental care can help prevent and treat oral health problems, smokers have far lower rates of dental care utilization compared with non-smokers. We sought to better understand which factors may facilitate or hinder dental care utilization among low-income smokers participating in a randomized intervention trial in order to inform future intervention planning.

Predictors of engagement in post-discharge quitline counseling among hospitalized smokers.

Quitlines provide evidence-based tobacco treatment and multiple calls yield higher quit rates. This study aimed to identify subgroups of smokers with greater quitline engagement following referral during hospitalization. Data were from a randomized clinical trial assessing the effectiveness of fax referral (referral faxed to proactive quitline) versus warm handoff (patient connected to quitline at bedside) (n = 1054).

Simultaneous vs. sequential treatment for smoking and weight management in tobacco quitlines: 6 and 12 month outcomes from a randomized trial.

Background: Smoking cessation often results in weight gain which discourages many smokers from quitting and can increase health risks. Treatments to reduce cessation-related weight gain have been tested in highly controlled trials of in-person treatment, but have never been tested in a real-world setting, which has inhibited dissemination.

Methods: The Best Quit Study (BQS) is a replication and "real world" translation using telephone delivery of a prior in-person efficacy trial.

Oral Health Promotion and Smoking Cessation Program Delivered via Tobacco Quitlines: The Oral Health 4 Life Trial.

Objectives: To assess the effects of a novel oral health promotion program (Oral Health 4 Life; OH4L) delivered through state-funded tobacco quitlines.

Methods: Using a semipragmatic design to balance experimental control and generalizability, we randomized US quitline callers (n = 718) to standard care or standard care plus OH4L. We followed participants for 6 months to assess effects on professional dental care and smoking abstinence.

IMPLEMENTATION, RECRUITMENT AND BASELINE CHARACTERISTICS: A RANDOMIZED TRIAL OF COMBINED TREATMENTS FOR SMOKING CESSATION AND WEIGHT CONTROL.

Background: Two-thirds of treatment-seeking smokers are obese or overweight. Most smokers are concerned about gaining weight after quitting. The average smoker experiences modest post-quit weight gain which discourages many smokers from quitting.

Changing the default for tobacco-cessation treatment in an inpatient setting: study protocol of a randomized controlled trial.

Background: Most health care providers do not treat tobacco dependence routinely. This may in part be due to the treatment "default." Current treatment guidelines recommend that providers (1) ask patients if they are willing to quit and (2) provide cessation-focused medications and counseling only to smokers who state that they are willing to quit.

Oral health 4 life: Design and methods of a semi-pragmatic randomized trial to promote oral health care and smoking abstinence among tobacco quitline callers.

Smokers are at high risk for oral disease. As a result, they represent an important target group for population-level, public oral health promotion efforts. While dental health professionals often address smoking with their patients, no systematic efforts have been made to offer smokers an intervention to improve their use of oral health care.

Warm Handoff Versus Fax Referral for Linking Hospitalized Smokers to Quitlines.

Introduction: Few hospitals treat patients' tobacco dependence. To be effective, hospital-initiated cessation interventions must provide at least 1 month of supportive contact post-discharge.

Study Design: Individually randomized clinical trial.

The effect of tobacco cessation on weight gain, obesity, and diabetes risk.

Objective: Most smokers gain weight after quitting, and some develop new onset obesity and type 2 diabetes. The purpose of this paper is to synthesize the current science investigating the consequences of tobacco cessation on body weight and diabetes, as well as intervention strategies that minimize or prevent weight gain while still allowing for successful tobacco cessation.

Methods: Systematic reviews and relevant studies that were published since prior reviews were selected.

Comparative effectiveness of adding weight control simultaneously or sequentially to smoking cessation quitlines: study protocol of a randomized controlled trial.

Background: Prevalence of multiple health risk behaviors is growing, and obesity and smoking are costly. Weight gain associated with quitting smoking is common and can interfere with quit success. Efficacy of adding weight management to tobacco cessation treatment has been tested with women in group sessions over an extended period of time, but has never been tested in real-world settings with men and women seeking help to quit.

Knowledge and beliefs about electronic cigarettes among quitline cessation staff.

Introduction: Smokers are asking health practitioners for guidance about using e-cigarettes as an aid to quitting. Several studies have surveyed physicians. However, in North America many smokers seek help from telephone quitlines rather than physicians.

Post-cessation weight concerns among women calling a state tobacco quitline.

Background: Obese and overweight women who smoke are more likely to be concerned about weight gain following cessation, impacting ability to quit and relapse.

Purpose: To determine differences in weight concerns for underweight, normal weight, overweight, and obese female smokers by race/ethnicity.

Methods: From March to November 2008, female adult tobacco users calling the Oklahoma Tobacco Helpline were asked questions to determine the prevalence of obesity and concern for cessation-related weight gain.

Weight gain and smoking: perceptions and experiences of obese quitline participants.

Background: Weight gain that commonly accompanies smoking cessation can undermine a person's attempt to quit and increase the risk for metabolic disorders. Research indicates that obese smokers have more weight concerns and gain more weight after quitting than non-obese smokers, yet little is known about possible reasons for these outcomes. We sought to gain an understanding of obese smokers' experiences of quitting and their attitudes and beliefs about the association between smoking and weight gain.

Randomized trial of telephone-delivered acceptance and commitment therapy versus cognitive behavioral therapy for smoking cessation: a pilot study.

Objective: We conducted a pilot randomized trial of telephone-delivered acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) versus cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for smoking cessation.

Method: Participants were 121 uninsured South Carolina State Quitline callers who were adult smokers (at least 10 cigarettes/day) and who wanted to quit within the next 30 days. Participants were randomized to 5 sessions of either ACT or CBT telephone counseling and were offered 2 weeks of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT).

Impact of baseline weight on smoking cessation and weight gain in quitlines.

Background: The use and effectiveness of tobacco quitlines by weight is still unknown.

Purpose: This study aims to determine if baseline weight is associated with treatment engagement, cessation, or weight gain following quitline treatment.

Methods: Quitline participants (n = 595) were surveyed at baseline, 3 and 6 months.

Use and effectiveness of quitlines for smokers with diabetes: cessation and weight outcomes, Washington State Tobacco Quit Line, 2008.

Introduction: Having diabetes and smoking increases the risk of morbidity and mortality. However, cessation-related weight gain, a common side effect during quitting, can further complicate diabetes. Evidence-based telephone quitlines can support quitting but have not been studied adequately in populations with chronic diseases such as diabetes.

State quitlines and cessation patterns among adults with selected chronic diseases in 15 states, 2005-2008.

Introduction: The death rate of people who have a chronic disease is lower among former smokers than current smokers. State tobacco cessation quitlines are available for free in every state. The objective of our study was to compare demographic characteristics, use of quitline services, and quit rates among a sample of quitline callers.