Cognitive ability, education, height and body mass index in relation to risk of schizophrenia and mortality following its diagnosis.

This study examines the hypotheses that the traits of higher IQ, longer education and taller height are associated with lower risk of death as compared to traits of low IQ, short education, and short height in men with schizophrenia compared to men without schizophrenia. In total, 937,919 men born 1939-59 and 1983-1997 with information from conscription were followed for incident schizophrenia in Danish registries. Higher levels of cognitive ability, longer education, and taller height were associated with fewer cases of schizophrenia.

Structural changes in a Danish social housing area: The impact of forced permanent rehousing on contact frequency with general practitioner and use of antidepressants.

There is a lack of knowledge about the health consequences of politically initiated forced permanent rehousing (FPR) of residents in social housing areas. This study investigates if FPR is associated with the contact frequency with general practitioner (GP) and the proportion of residents who use antidepressants. The study included 432 rehoused residents matched 1:2 with remaining residents and residents from a comparable neighbouring area without exposure to rehousing.

Inverse probability weighting for self-selection bias correction in the investigation of social inequality in mortality.

Background: Empirical evaluation of inverse probability weighting (IPW) for self-selection bias correction is inaccessible without the full source population. We aimed to: (i) investigate how self-selection biases frequency and association measures and (ii) assess self-selection bias correction using IPW in a cohort with register linkage.

Methods: The source population included 17 936 individuals invited to the Copenhagen Aging and Midlife Biobank during 2009-11 (ages 49-63 years).

Use of hypnotic-sedative medication and risk of falls and fractures in adults: A self-controlled case series study.

Objective: To evaluate the risk of falls and fractures in users of benzodiazepines, Z-drugs, or melatonin.

Methods: We followed 699,335 adults with a purchase of benzodiazepines, Z-drugs, or melatonin in the Danish National Prescription Registry between 2003 and 2016 for falls and fractures in the Danish National Patient Registry between 2000 and 2018. A self-controlled case-series analysis and conditional Poisson regression were used to derive incidence rate ratios (IRR) of falls and fractures during six predefined periods.

The Association of Children and Their Educational Attainment With Diabetes-related Complications and Mortality Among Older Adults With Type 2 Diabetes: A Nationwide Cohort Study.

Objective: Socioeconomic resources and family support have been shown to improve adherence to treatment in people with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and are associated with a lower risk of diabetes-related complications and death. We investigated the associations of having children and their educational level with diabetes-related complications and death among older adults with T2D.

Methods: We included 74,588 adults who were at least 65 years of age at the time of T2D diagnosis over the period from 2000 to 2018 in Denmark and grouped them based on having children (yes [reference]/no), and their children's highest educational level (low/medium/high [reference]).

Impact of offspring and their educational level on readmission and death among older adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a nationwide cohort study using multistate survival models.

Background: It is well described that there is social inequality in the disease course of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), but the impact of social relations is less explored. We aimed to investigate the impact of adult offspring and their educational level on readmission and death among older adults with COPD.

Methods: In total, 71 084 older adults born 1935-53 with COPD diagnosed at age ≥65 years in 2000-2018 were included.

Associations of Midlife Dietary Patterns with Incident Dementia and Brain Structure: Findings from the UK Biobank Study.

Background: At present, the results on the associations between dietary patterns and risk of dementia are inconsistent, and studies on the associations between dietary patterns and brain structures are limited.

Objectives: We aimed to investigate the associations of midlife dietary patterns with incident dementia and brain structures.

Methods: On the basis of the UK Biobank Study, we investigated the 1) prospective associations of 4 healthy dietary pattern indices [healthy plant-based diet index (hPDI), Mediterranean diet score (MDS), recommended food score (RFS), and Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay Diet (MIND)] with incident dementia (identified using linked hospital data; N = 114,684; mean age, 56.

The impact of AUD on death for men with different IQ-scores: a register-based cohort study of 645 955 men.

Aim: To investigate whether the effect of alcohol use disorder (AUD) on death by natural and unnatural causes, respectively, differs according to intelligence quotient (IQ) scores.

Methods: We followed 654 955 Danish men, including 75 267 brothers, born between 1939 and 1959 from their 25th birthday, 1 January 1970, or date of conscription (whichever came last) until 31 December 2018. The exposure of AUD was defined by first registered treatment (diagnosis since 1969, prescription medicine since 1994, or other treatment since 2006), and the outcomes of death by natural and unnatural causes, respectively, were obtained from nationwide registers since 1970.

Is urban regeneration associated with antidepressants or sedative medication users: a registry-based natural experiment.

Background: Area deprivation is associated with adverse mental health outcomes. In Denmark, urban regeneration is being used to dissolve concentrated socio-economic area deprivation and ethnic segregation. However, evidence on how urban regeneration affects mental health of residents is ambiguous partly due to methodological challenges.

Weight change across adulthood and accelerated biological aging in middle-aged and older adults.

Background: Little is known regarding the association between weight change and accelerated aging.

Objectives: This study aimed to estimate the influence of weight change across adulthood on biological aging acceleration in middle-aged and older adults in the United States.

Methods: We used data of 5553 adults (40-84 y) from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2010.

Association of Familial Aggregation of Major Depression With Risk of Major Depression.

Importance: Major depression (MD) aggregates within families, but how family history of MD confers risk of MD over the life course is unclear. Such knowledge is important to identify and prevent possible depressogenic effects of family environment.

Objective: To examine the association between family MD history and risk of MD including association with age, sex, type of kinship, and age of the affected family member.

The association between postpartum depression and perimenopausal depression: A nationwide register-based cohort study.

Objectives: The purpose of the study was to investigate whether postpartum depression is associated with a risk of depression during perimenopause.

Study Design: This is a Danish nationwide register-based cohort study of 270,613 individuals who were born in 1960-1968, who gave birth to a liveborn child recorded in the Medical Birth Register before the age of 40, and who lived in Denmark when turning 47 years old. The association between postpartum depression and depression during perimenopause was analyzed using a Cox Proportional Hazards model adjusted for education level, marital status, and age at first delivery.

Mapping diagnostic trajectories from the first hospital diagnosis of a psychiatric disorder: a Danish nationwide cohort study using sequence analysis.

Background: A key clinical problem in psychiatry is predicting the diagnostic future of patients presenting with psychopathology for the first time. The objective of this study was to establish a comprehensive map of subsequent diagnoses after a first psychiatric hospital diagnosis.

Methods: Through the Danish National Patient Registry, we identified patients aged 18 years or older with an inpatient or outpatient psychiatric hospital contact and who had received one of the 20 most common first-time psychiatric diagnoses (defined at the ICD-10 two-cipher level, F00-F99) between Jan 1, 1995, and Dec 31, 2008.

Association Between Urban Regeneration and Healthcare-Seeking Behavior of Affected Residents: A Natural Experiment in two Multi-Ethnic Deprived Housing Areas in Denmark.

Area regeneration of deprived neighborhoods is being used to reduce health inequality, socioeconomic deprivation and ethnic segregation. This quasi-experimental study examines if long-term graded exposure to urban regeneration is associated with primary healthcare-seeking behavior among residents. We compared general practitioner (GP) contacts from 2015-2020 in two adjacent, deprived social housing areas, one exposed to area regeneration.

The association between social integration and neighborhood dissatisfaction and unsafety: a cross-sectional survey study among social housing residents in Denmark.

Background: Social integration and perceived neighborhood environment are recognized as important social determinants of health. However, little is known about the association between social integration and perceived neighborhood environment among underrepresented population groups, such as residents in disadvantaged neighborhoods, in public health research. The aim of this study is to: 1) Describe the levels of social integration and 2) Investigate the association between social integration and neighborhood dissatisfaction and unsafety among middle-aged and older social housing residents.

Diabetes, sleep disorders and risk of depression - A Danish register-based cohort study.

Aims: We examined the influence of comorbid sleep disorder on the association between type 2 diabetes (T2D) and risk of incident depression.

Methods: The study population (N = 232,489) was based on all individuals registered aged ≥40 years with a T2D diagnosis between January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2012 in the Danish National Diabetes Register and a matched reference population. The risk of incident depression (diagnosis or anti-depressant medication) following T2D and possible effect modification of comorbid sleep disorder was estimated using adjusted Cox proportional hazards regression.

Epidemiology of Obesity.

Obesity is in theory defined on the basis of the excess health risk caused by adiposity exceeding the size normally found in the population, but for practical reasons, the World Health Organization (WHO) has defined obesity as a body mass index (weight (kg)/height (m)) of 30 or above for adults. WHO considers the steep increases in prevalence of obesity in all age groups, especially since the 1970s as a global obesity epidemic. Today, approximately 650 million adult people and approximately 340 million children and adolescence (5-19 years) suffer from obesity.

Social relations and contact with general practitioner in a middle-aged Danish population: a prospective register- and survey-based cohort study.

Background: Findings about the relationship between individuals' social relations and general practitioner (GP) contact are ambiguous as to whether weak social relations are associated with an increased or decreased consultation pattern. Furthermore, social relations may affect GP contact differently for men compared to women, between socioeconomic groups and according to perceived need. The overall aim of the study is to examine the association between functional aspects of social relations, perceived emotional and instrumental social support, the tendency to consult a GP and the frequency of GP contact.

The importance of chronic conditions for potentially avoidable hospitalizations among non-Hispanic Black and non-Hispanic White older adults in the US: a cross-sectional observational study.

Background: Non-Hispanic (NH) Black older adults experience substantially higher rates of potentially avoidable hospitalization compared to NH White older adults. This study explores the top three chronic conditions preceding hospitalization and potentially avoidable hospitalization among NH White and NH Black Medicare beneficiaries in the United States.

Methods: Data on 4993 individuals (4,420 NH White and 573 NH Black individuals) aged ≥ 65 years from 2014 Medicare claims were linked with sociodemographic data from previous rounds of the Health and Retirement Study.

Frequency of missed or delayed diagnosis in dementia is associated with neighborhood socioeconomic status.

Introduction: Underdetection of dementia in areas with low socioeconomic status (SES) may interfere with findings concerning associations between SES and dementia.

Methods: Using administrative registers we assessed the associations between age- and sex-adjusted dementia incidence and neighborhood socioeconomic status (nSES) in 94 Danish municipalities. Wealth was divided into income quartiles and other nSES variables were dichotomized into high versus low according to the median.

The association between birth weight, ponderal index, psychotropic medication, and type 2 diabetes in individuals with severe mental illness.

Background: Impaired fetal growth may increase vulnerability towards metabolic disturbances associated with some medications. We examined whether birth weight and ponderal index modify the association between psychotropic medication and type 2 diabetes among young adults with severe psychiatric diagnosis.

Methods: A total of 36,957 individuals born in Denmark between 1973 and 1983 with a diagnosis of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or depression were followed from first diagnosis until 2018.

Associations of Young Adult Intelligence, Education, Height, and Body Mass Index with Subsequent Risk of Parkinson's Disease and Survival: A Danish Cohort Study.

Background: The underlying disease mechanisms of Parkinson's disease (PD) are still unknown and knowledge about risk and prognostic factors is sparse.

Objective: To examine the association between intelligence, education, body height, and body mass index (BMI) in young adulthood and risk of PD and subsequent survival.

Methods: In total, 656,751 men born 1939-1959 with information from conscription examinations around age 19 years were followed for PD and mortality from 1977-2018 in Danish registries.

Depression in adulthood and risk of dementia later in life: A Danish register-based cohort study of 595,828 men.

Background: Associations between depression and dementia could express a causal relationship, reverse causality or be explained by health-related factors. This study explores the association of depression and indicators of depression severity with subsequent risk of dementia while ensuring temporality and adjusting for important health-related factors.

Method: 595,828 men from the Danish Conscription Database born in 1939-59 with register-based information on lifetime depression and covariates at age 55 years were followed in nationwide registers to identify dementia cases until 2016.