Funding social innovation for health with research funds for development.

Why and when is it appropriate and relevant to use research funds for social innovation to support both conventional scholarly researchers and non-researchers working in collaboration?

Two splicing isoforms of the Y-box protein ctYB-1 appear on the same mRNA molecule.

Y-box proteins constitute an evolutionarily conserved family of DNA- and RNA-binding proteins involved in the regulation of transcription and translation. In the dipteran Chironomus tentans, a homologue to the vertebrate Y-box protein YB-1 was recently characterized and designated ctYB-1. It is transferred from nucleus to cytoplasm bound to mRNA and is likely to affect translation.

Nup153 affects entry of messenger and ribosomal ribonucleoproteins into the nuclear basket during export.

A specific messenger ribonucleoprotein (RNP) particle, Balbiani ring (BR) granules in the dipteran Chironomus tentans, can be visualized during passage through the nuclear pore complex (NPC). We have now examined the transport through the nuclear basket preceding the actual translocation through the NPC. The basket consists of eight fibrils anchored to the NPC core by nucleoprotein Nup153.

Conspicuous accumulation of transcription elongation repressor hrp130/CA150 on the intron-rich Balbiani ring 3 gene.

Chromosomal puffs on the polytene chromosomes in the dipteran Chironomus tentans offer the possibility of comparing the appearance of RNA-binding proteins at different transcription sites. We raised a monoclonal antibody that recognized a 130 kDa protein, designated hrp130. Immunocytological analysis of isolated chromosomes showed that hrp130 is heavily accumulated in a specific puff, called Balbiani ring 3; only occasionally is hrp130 abundant in one or two additional puffs on other chromosomes.

Nuclear poly(A)-binding protein PABPN1 is associated with RNA polymerase II during transcription and accompanies the released transcript to the nuclear pore.

The nuclear poly(A)-binding protein, PABPN1, has been previously shown to regulate mRNA poly(A) tail length and to interact with selected proteins involved in mRNA synthesis and trafficking. To further understand the role of PABPN1 in mRNA metabolism, we used cryo-immunoelectron microscopy to determine the fate of PABPN1 at various stages in the assembly and transport of the Chironomus tentans salivary gland Balbiani ring (BR) mRNA ribonucleoprotein (mRNP) complex. PABPN1 is found on BR mRNPs within the nucleoplasm as well as on mRNPs docked at the nuclear pore.

A p50-like Y-box protein with a putative translational role becomes associated with pre-mRNA concomitant with transcription.

In vertebrates free messenger ribonucleoprotein (RNP) particles and polysomes contain an abundant Y-box protein called p50 (YB-1), which regulates translation, presumably by affecting the packaging of the RNA. Here, we have identified a p50-like protein in the dipteran Chironomus tentans and studied its relation with the biogenesis of mRNA in larval salivary glands. The salivary gland cells contain polytene chromosomes with the transcriptionally active regions blown up as puffs.