Staged endovascular and surgical treatment of slow-flow vulvar venous malformations.

Objective: The objective of the study was to report our experience in a rare series of treated symptomatic slow-flow vulvar venous malformations (VVMs) using a staged, multidisciplinary approach.

Study Design: Consecutive patients with symptomatic lesions treated over a 7 year period (2005-2012) were followed up for technical success, resolution of symptoms, aesthetic outcomes, and complications. Direct endovenous sclerotherapy (DEVS) using sodium tetradecyl sulfate (STS) foam was performed in all patients under ultrasound and contrast-enhanced fluoroscopic guidance.