Pediatric Pulmonary Nodules: Imaging Guidelines and Recommendations.

Incidental pulmonary nodules are not infrequently identified on computed tomography imaging in the pediatric population and can be a challenge in suggesting appropriate follow-up recommendations. An evidence-based and practical imaging approach for diagnosis and appropriate directed management is essential for optimal patient care. This article provides an up-to-date review of the pediatric pulmonary nodule literature and suggests a practical algorithm to manage pulmonary nodules in the pediatric population.

Clinical presentation, diagnosis and management of aerodigestive tract foreign bodies in the paediatric population: Part 2.

Children, especially toddlers, because of their behaviour, physiology and anatomical characteristics such as oral exploration of their surroundings, have a tendency to place objects in their mouth. Therefore, ingestion or aspiration of foreign bodies (FBs) in children is a potentially life-threatening and common problem seen across the world. In this second part of our pictorial review on ingested and aspirated FBs, we focus on the paediatric population, reviewing the current literature and examining the epidemiology, clinical presentation, anatomic considerations, appropriate imaging modalities, key imaging characteristics associated with clinically relevant FBs in the emergency department (ED) and current management protocols.

Interstitial Lung Diseases in Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults: Different from Infants and Older Adults.

Childhood interstitial lung disease (chILD) in children, teenagers, and young adults presents a challenge to the clinicians and radiologist, given its rarity, diverse imaging manifestations, and often nonspecific clinical examination findings. This article discusses the utility of available imaging techniques and associated characteristic imaging findings, and reviews the 2015 chILD classification scheme, with clinical examples highlighting the imaging features to help the radiologist aid in an efficient and accurate multidisciplinary diagnosis of chILD.

Dual-Source Computed Tomography of the Chest in Blunt Thoracic Trauma: Reduced Aortic Motion Using a Novel Temporal Resolution Optimization Method.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical utility of temporal resolution optimization (TR-Opt), a computed tomography (CT) postprocessing technique, in reducing aortic motion artifacts in blunt thoracic trauma patients.

Materials And Methods: This was an IRB-approved study of 61 patients with blunt thoracic trauma carried out between February 18 and September 6, 2014; the patients had been imaged using a standardized dual-source high-pitch (DSHP) CT protocol. Image raw data were retrospectively postprocessed using the TR-Opt algorithm (DSHP-TR-Opt) and compared with conventional images (DSHP).

Childhood Interstitial (Diffuse) Lung Disease: Pattern Recognition Approach to Diagnosis in Infants.

The purpose of this article is to discuss imaging techniques and a pattern-based approach for diagnosing childhood interstitial (diffuse) lung diseases in infants. Childhood interstitial (diffuse) lung disease in infants consists of a heterogeneous group of disorders previously classified with clinical, radiologic, and pathologic features. By use of an imaging-guided algorithm, the assessment of lung volumes and the presence of ground-glass opacities or cysts can assist the radiologist in making an accurate and timely diagnosis.

Clinical Utility of Dual-Energy CT Analysis of Bone Marrow Edema in Acute Wrist Fractures.

Objective: The purpose of this study is to determine the utility of dual-energy CT (DECT) for assessing carpal fractures and to obtain an attenuation value cutoff (in Hounsfield units) to identify bone marrow edema due to an acute carpal fracture.

Materials And Methods: In this retrospective study, 24 patients who presented with wrist fractures from September 3, 2014, through March 9, 2015, underwent imaging with DECT (80 and 140 kVp). Using the three-material decomposition algorithm specific for virtual noncalcium to construct images, two radiologists identified carpal fractures and associated bone marrow edema.

Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) for hepatocellular carcinoma: imaging evaluation post treatment.

Surgical resection, when feasible, is the standard of care for hepatocellular carcinoma. However, many tumours are not resectable at the time of diagnosis. Recently, stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) has emerged as a non-invasive local therapy for both non-resectable primary hepatic malignancies as well as hepatic metastases.

Dual-source CT in blunt trauma patients: elimination of diaphragmatic motion using high-pitch spiral technique.

The purpose of this study was to compare diaphragmatic motion on dual-source high-pitch (DS-HP) and conventional single-source (SS) CT scans in trauma patients. Seventy-five consecutive trauma patients who presented to a level one trauma center over a 6-month period were scanned with a standardized whole body trauma CT protocol including both DS-HP chest (pitch = 2.1-2.

Assessing the Gap in Female Authorship in Radiology: Trends Over the Past Two Decades.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to retrospectively identify trends in the representation of female authorship in prominent general radiology journals over the past 2 decades.

Methods: A comprehensive search was conducted for all articles published in 1993, 2003, and 2013 in Radiology, the American Journal of Roentgenology (AJR), European Radiology, and Investigative Radiology. The genders of the first and last authors were collected.

Ultrasound-guided aspiration and injection of an intraneural ganglion cyst of the common peroneal nerve.

Background: Intraneural ganglion cysts are rare, benign, mucinous lesions that occur within neural sheaths and are thought to involve cystic fluid exiting from nearby synovial joints. They often present as tender masses causing paresthesias in the distribution of the involved nerve, muscle weakness or cramping, or localized or referred pain.

Case Description: We present a case of a patient who initially presented with foot drop due to an intraneural ganglion cyst of the common peroneal nerve.

Imaging of blunt vascular neck injuries: a clinical perspective.

Objective: We will review the common injuries and anatomic distributions of blunt cerebrovascular injuries (BCVIs) of the neck, explain the grading criteria, and discuss the corresponding management. Artifacts associated with BCVI on CT will also be examined.

Conclusion: Identifying common injury patterns and anatomic distributions associated with BCVI can help decide the grade and management earlier and reduce the risk for potential complications.

Imaging of blunt vascular neck injuries: a review of screening and imaging modalities.

Objective: We will review the epidemiology of blunt cerebrovascular injuries (BCVIs) and the rationale for screening. Current imaging modalities used to screen for BCVIs will be discussed with an emphasis on CT angiography.

Conclusion: Screening for BCVIs can decrease rates of postinjury complications, such as stroke.

Iterative reconstructed ultra high pitch CT pulmonary angiography with cardiac bowtie-shaped filter in the acute setting: effect on dose and image quality.

Purpose: To evaluate the effect of a cardiac bowtie-shaped filter in an ultra high pitch CTPA protocol at 100 kV on image quality and radiation dose.

Materials And Methods: Retrospective study of 100 patients referred for CTPA. 50 patients scanned with a standard 100 kV protocol at pitch 2.

The evolving role of the radiologist: the Vancouver workload utilization evaluation study.

Purpose: The role of the present-day on-site hospital radiologist surpasses image interpretation-related duties. This study characterizes these workload activities, as well as quantifies the type of value-based interactions radiologists experience on a daily basis with allied health personnel.

Materials And Methods: A prospective, observational, randomized study was performed across 3 hospitals in the fall of 2012.

Retrospective review of diagnosis and treatment in children presenting to the pediatric department with acute scrotum.

Objective: Testicular torsion is a common acute condition in boys requiring prompt accurate management. The objective of this article was to evaluate ultrasound accuracy, findings, and clinical predictors in testicular torsion in boys presenting to the Stollery pediatric emergency department with acute scrotal pain.

Methods: Retrospective review of surgical and emergency department ultrasound records for boys from 1 month to 17 years old presenting with acute scrotal pain from 2008 to 2011 was performed.

Review of multidetector computed tomography angiography as a screening modality in the assessment of blunt vascular neck injuries.

Blunt vascular neck injuries (BVNI), previously thought to be rare, have demonstrated increasing incidence rates in recent literature and are associated with significant mortality and morbidity. A radiologist needs to efficiently recognize these injuries on preliminary screening to enable initiation of early management. When initiation of accurate management is started promptly, decreased rates of postinjury complications, for example, stroke, have been demonstrated.

Dual-energy CT: a promising new technique for assessment of the musculoskeletal system.

Objective: Dual-energy CT (DECT) characterizes the chemical composition of material according to its differential x-ray attenuation at two different energy levels. Applications of DECT in musculoskeletal imaging include imaging of bone marrow edema, tendons, and ligaments and the use of monoenergetic techniques to minimize metal prosthesis beam-attenuating artifacts.

Conclusion: The most validated application of DECT is undoubtedly its noninvasive and highly specific ability for confirming the presence of monosodium urate deposits in the assessment of gout.

A high-throughput method for cloning and sequencing human immunodeficiency virus type 1 integration sites.

Integration of retroviral DNA is nonspecific and can occur at many sites throughout chromosomes. However, the process is not uniformly distributed, and both hot and cold spots for integration exist. The mechanism that determines target site specificity is not well understood.