Reliability of the remote digital self‐administered Stricker Learning Span, Symbols Test and Mayo Test DRIVE Screening Battery Composite.

Background: Mayo Test DRIVE (MTD): Test evelopment through apid teration, alidation and xpansion, is a web‐based multi‐device (smartphone, tablet, personal computer) platform optimized for remote self‐administered cognitive assessment that includes a computer‐adaptive word list memory test (Stricker Learning Span; SLS), a measure of processing speed/executive functioning (Symbols Test) and a score combining both the memory and processing speed/executive functioning measures (MTD Composite). We aimed to determine the reliability of MTD measures across follow‐up sessions.

Method: Individuals participating in this ancillary study who completed at least two and up to four complete MTD sessions were included, resulting in 1,293 participants (mean age = 70.

Mayo Normative Studies: regression‐based normative data for remote self‐administration of the Stricker Learning Span, Symbols Test and Mayo Test Drive Screening Battery Composite for ages 33‐100 and validation in MCI and dementia.

Background: Few normative data for computerized measures administered in unsupervised remote environments are available. We aimed to determine what variables to include in normative models for remote self‐administered assessments, develop normative data for measures administered through Mayo Test Drive (MTD, a multi‐device remote cognitive assessment platform) and evaluate application of norms.

Method: 1240 adults ages 33‐100 (96% White) from the Mayo Clinic Study of Aging and Mayo Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center met normative sample inclusion criteria that included a concordant Cognitively Unimpaired (CU) diagnosis (3 independent raters all diagnosed CU) and CDR = 0 (see Table 1 for sample characteristics).

Mayo Normative Studies: regression-based normative data for remote self-administration of the Stricker Learning Span, Symbols Test and Mayo Test Drive Screening Battery Composite and validation in individuals with Mild Cognitive Impairment and dementia.

Objective: Few normative data for unsupervised, remotely-administered computerized cognitive measures are available. We examined variables to include in normative models for Mayo Test Drive (a multi-device remote cognitive assessment platform) measures, developed normative data, and validated the norms.

Method: 1240 Cognitively Unimpaired (CU) adults ages 32-100-years (96% white) from the Mayo Clinic Study of Aging and Mayo Alzheimer's Disease Research Center with Clinical Dementia Rating of 0 were included.

Mayo Normative Studies: Amyloid and Neurodegeneration Negative Normative Data for the Auditory Verbal Learning Test and Sex-Specific Sensitivity to Mild Cognitive Impairment/Dementia.

Background: Conventional normative samples include individuals with undetected Alzheimer's disease neuropathology, lowering test sensitivity for cognitive impairment.

Objective: We developed Mayo Normative Studies (MNS) norms limited to individuals without elevated amyloid or neurodegeneration (A-N-) for Rey's Auditory Verbal Learning Test (AVLT). We compared these MNS A-N- norms in female, male, and total samples to conventional MNS norms with varying levels of demographic adjustments.

Mayo normative studies: regression-based normative data for ages 30-91 years with a focus on the Boston Naming Test, Trail Making Test and Category Fluency.

Objective: Normative neuropsychological data are essential for interpretation of test performance in the context of demographic factors. The Mayo Normative Studies (MNS) aim to provide updated normative data for neuropsychological measures administered in the Mayo Clinic Study of Aging (MCSA), a population-based study of aging that randomly samples residents of Olmsted County, Minnesota, from age- and sex-stratified groups. We examined demographic effects on neuropsychological measures and validated the regression-based norms in comparison to existing normative data developed in a similar sample.

Stricker Learning Span criterion validity: a remote self-administered multi-device compatible digital word list memory measure shows similar ability to differentiate amyloid and tau PET-defined biomarker groups as in-person Auditory Verbal Learning Test.

Objective: The Stricker Learning Span (SLS) is a computer-adaptive digital word list memory test specifically designed for remote assessment and self-administration on a web-based multi-device platform (Mayo Test Drive). We aimed to establish criterion validity of the SLS by comparing its ability to differentiate biomarker-defined groups to the person-administered Rey's Auditory Verbal Learning Test (AVLT).

Method: Participants ( = 353; mean age = 71, SD = 11; 93% cognitively unimpaired [CU]) completed the AVLT during an in-person visit, the SLS remotely (within 3 months) and had brain amyloid and tau PET scans available (within 3 years).

Mayo normative studies: A conditional normative model for longitudinal change on the Auditory Verbal Learning Test and preliminary validation in preclinical Alzheimer's disease.

Introduction: The aim of this study was to develop a conditional normative model for Rey's Auditory Verbal Learning Test (AVLT) that accounts for practice effects.

Methods: In our normative sample, robust conditional norms were derived from 1001 cognitively unimpaired (CU) adults ages 50 to 89 who completed the AVLT up to eight times. Linear mixed-effects models adjusted for baseline performance, prior test exposures, time, demographics, and interaction terms.

A longitudinal investigation of Aβ, anxiety, depression, and mild cognitive impairment.

Introduction: We investigated the longitudinal relationship between cortical amyloid deposition, anxiety, and depression and the risk of incident mild cognitive impairment (MCI).

Methods: We followed 1440 community-dwelling, cognitively unimpaired individuals aged ≥ 50 years for a median of 5.5 years.

Neuropsychiatric symptoms and the outcome of cognitive trajectories in older adults free of dementia: The Mayo Clinic Study of Aging.

Objective: Neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) are associated with the risk of incident mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia. We examined associations between NPS and the outcomes of global and domain-specific cognitive trajectories.

Methods: In this longitudinal study conducted in the setting of the population-based Mayo Clinic Study of Aging, 5081 community-dwelling, nondemented individuals aged ≥50 years (51% males) underwent NPS assessment using Neuropsychiatric Inventory Questionnaire (NPI-Q), and Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories (BDI-II, BAI).

Association Between Neuropsychiatric Symptoms and Functional Change in Older Non-Demented Adults: Mayo Clinic Study of Aging.

We examined the associations between baseline neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) and longitudinal changes in functional performance among 5,394 non-demented individuals aged ≥50 years (2,729 males; median age 74.2 years; 4,716 cognitively unimpaired, 678 mild cognitive impairment). After adjusting for age, sex, education, and medical comorbidities, NPS assessed by the Neuropsychiatric Inventory Questionnaire, clinical depression (Beck Depression Inventory score ≥13) and anxiety (Beck Anxiety Inventory score ≥10) were significantly associated with an increase in the Functional Activities Questionnaire score, indicating functional decline over time.

Mayo Normative Studies: Regression-Based Normative Data for the Auditory Verbal Learning Test for Ages 30-91 Years and the Importance of Adjusting for Sex.

Objective: Rey's Auditory Verbal Learning Test (AVLT) is a widely used word list memory test. We update normative data to include adjustment for verbal memory performance differences between men and women and illustrate the effect of this sex adjustment and the importance of excluding participants with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) from normative samples.

Method: This study advances the Mayo's Older Americans Normative Studies (MOANS) by using a new population-based sample through the Mayo Clinic Study of Aging, which randomly samples residents of Olmsted County, Minnesota, from age- and sex-stratified groups.

Brain Regional Glucose Metabolism, Neuropsychiatric Symptoms, and the Risk of Incident Mild Cognitive Impairment: The Mayo Clinic Study of Aging.

Objective: The authors conducted a prospective cohort study to examine the risk of incident mild cognitive impairment (MCI) as predicted by baseline neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) and brain regional glucose metabolic dysfunction.

Methods: About 1,363 cognitively unimpaired individuals (52.8% males) aged ≥50 years were followed for a median of 4.

Cortical β-amyloid burden, neuropsychiatric symptoms, and cognitive status: the Mayo Clinic Study of Aging.

Neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) are a risk factor for cognitive impairment and are associated with cortical β-amyloid (Aβ) deposition. We conducted a cross-sectional study derived from the ongoing population-based Mayo Clinic Study of Aging to examine the frequency of NPS among cognitively unimpaired (CU) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) participants who either have normal (A-) or abnormal (A+) Aβ deposition. We also investigated whether combined presence of MCI and amyloid positivity (MCI/A+) is associated with greater odds of having NPS as compared to CU/A- (defined as reference group).

Leisure-Time Physical Activity and the Risk of Incident Dementia: The Mayo Clinic Study of Aging.

We conducted a prospective cohort study derived from the population-based Mayo Clinic Study of Aging. We investigated if leisure-time physical activity among individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) was associated with a decreased risk of developing dementia. 280 persons aged≥70 years (median 81 years, 165 males) with MCI and available data from neurologic evaluation, neuropsychological testing, and questionnaire-based physical activity assessment, were followed for a median of 3 years to the outcomes of incident dementia or censoring variables.

Depressive and anxiety symptoms and cortical amyloid deposition among cognitively normal elderly persons: the Mayo Clinic Study of Aging.

Background: Little is known about the association of cortical Aβ with depression and anxiety among cognitively normal (CN) elderly persons.

Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study derived from the population-based Mayo Clinic Study of Aging in Olmsted County, Minnesota; involving CN persons aged ≥ 60 years that underwent PiB-PET scans and completed Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI). Cognitive diagnosis was made by an expert consensus panel.

Association Between Mentally Stimulating Activities in Late Life and the Outcome of Incident Mild Cognitive Impairment, With an Analysis of the APOE ε4 Genotype.

Importance: Cross-sectional associations between engagement in mentally stimulating activities and decreased odds of having mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or Alzheimer disease have been reported. However, little is known about the longitudinal outcome of incident MCI as predicted by late-life (aged ≥70 years) mentally stimulating activities.

Objectives: To test the hypothesis of an association between mentally stimulating activities in late life and the risk of incident MCI and to evaluate the influence of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 genotype.

Timing of Physical Activity, Apolipoprotein E ε4 Genotype, and Risk of Incident Mild Cognitive Impairment.

Objectives: To investigate the timing (mid- vs late life) of physical activity, apolipoprotein (APO)E ε4, and risk of incident mild cognitive impairment (MCI).

Design: Prospective cohort study.

Setting: Mayo Clinic Study of Aging (Olmsted County, MN).

FDG-PET and Neuropsychiatric Symptoms among Cognitively Normal Elderly Persons: The Mayo Clinic Study of Aging.

One of the key research agenda of the field of aging is investigation of presymptomatic Alzheimer's disease (AD). Furthermore, abnormalities in brain glucose metabolism (as measured by FDG-PET) have been reported among cognitively normal elderly persons. However, little is known about the association of FDG-PET abnormalities with neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) in a population-based setting.

Frailty and Mortality Outcomes in Cognitively Normal Older People: Sex Differences in a Population-Based Study.

Objectives: To characterize frailty in cognitively normal older adults at baseline and to investigate the relationship between frailty and mortality.

Design: Population-based prospective cohort study: Mayo Clinic Study of Aging.

Setting: Olmsted County, Minnesota.

Clinical course of untreated cerebral cavernous malformations: a meta-analysis of individual patient data.

Background: Cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) can cause symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage (ICH), but the estimated risks are imprecise and predictors remain uncertain. We aimed to obtain precise estimates and predictors of the risk of ICH during untreated follow-up in an individual patient data meta-analysis.

Methods: We invited investigators of published cohorts of people aged at least 16 years, identified by a systematic review of Ovid MEDLINE and Embase from inception to April 30, 2015, to provide individual patient data on clinical course from CCM diagnosis until first CCM treatment or last available follow-up.

Influence of amyloid and APOE on cognitive performance in a late middle-aged cohort.

Introduction: Few studies have examined the effects of amyloid and apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype on cognition among middle-aged individuals.

Methods: We included 464 cognitively normal, test-naïve, participants with Pittsburgh compound B positron emission tomography amyloid imaging, mean age of 62.7 (range, 51-71 years), enrolled in the Mayo Clinic Study of Aging.

Association Between Olfactory Dysfunction and Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer Disease Dementia.

Importance: To increase the opportunity to delay or prevent mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or Alzheimer disease (AD) dementia, markers of early detection are essential. Olfactory impairment may be an important clinical marker and predictor of these conditions and may help identify persons at increased risk.

Objective: To examine associations of impaired olfaction with incident MCI subtypes and progression from MCI subtypes to AD dementia.

Diabetes is Associated with Worse Executive Function in Both Eastern and Western Populations: Shanghai Aging Study and Mayo Clinic Study of Aging.

Background And Objectives: It remains unknown whether the association between diabetes mellitus (DM) and cognitive function differs in Eastern and Western populations. This study aimed to elucidate whether DM is associated with worse cognitive performance in both populations.

Methods: The Shanghai Aging Study (SAS) and the Mayo Clinic Study of Aging (MCSA) are two population-based studies with similar design and methodology in Shanghai, China and Rochester, MN, USA.