Effects of Modified Tobacco Risk Products with Claims and Nicotine Features on Perceptions among Racial and Ethnic Groups.

Research suggests consumers may misunderstand modified risk tobacco product (MRTP) claims. We examined the effects of nicotine content across four tobacco products with and without MRTP claims among a racially and ethnically diverse sample of adults who do and do not smoke. Adults ( = 1484) aged 21-65 completed an online experiment using a 2 × 2 × 4 mixed factorial design to examine the effects of tobacco product (Classic White Snus, IQOS, JUUL e-cigarette, and VLN cigarette) and nicotine content (high vs.

Differences in biobehavioral measures of cigarette smoking by depression symptomology.

Introduction: Research that explores the clinical relevance of subclinical depressive symptoms and smoking is primarily focused on smoking cessation. We examine whether depression symptoms vary across an array of biological (carbon monoxide boost), behavioral (FagerströmTest of Nicotine Dependence, cigarettes per day, smoking topography), and psychological smoking-related outcomes (Questionnaire on Smoking Urges, Withdrawal Symptoms Checklist) in non-treatment-seeking smokers.

Methods: Baseline data were pooled from three research trials with identical procedures designed to assess individual smoking behavior using smokers preferred cigarette brands.

Assessing Attention to Tobacco Warnings With a Heatmapping Task.

Introduction: Attention is a critical outcome to understanding the impacts of tobacco warning labels and is commonly measured using eye tracking. Self-report, online methods may be efficient, scalable alternatives to capture attention. This study assesses warning label attention on cigarette marketing using a heatmapping task.

A randomized clinical trial testing two implementation strategies to promote the treatment of tobacco dependence in community mental healthcare.

Introduction: People with serious mental illness (SMI) are more likely to smoke and less likely to receive tobacco treatment. Implementation strategies may address clinician and organizational barriers to treating tobacco in mental healthcare.

Methods: A cluster-randomized trial (Clinic N=13, Client N=610, Staff N=222) tested two models to promote tobacco treatment in community mental healthcare: standard didactic training vs.

Subjective experiences, contexts, and risk perceptions of very low nicotine content cigarettes and electronic cigarettes among people with depression and anxiety disorders who smoke.

Background: A low-nicotine product standard is currently under consideration by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA).

The maternal health of American Indian and Alaska Native people: A scoping review.

Indigenous people in the United States experience disadvantage in multiple domains of health. Yet, their maternal health receives limited research attention. With a focus on empirical research findings, we conduct a scoping review to address two questions: 1) what does the literature tell us about the patterns and prevalence of maternal mortality and morbidity of American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) people? and 2) how do existing studies explain these patterns? A search of CINAHL, Embase and Medline yielded 4757 English-language articles, with 66 eligible for close review.

The role of IQOS risk perceptions on cigarette smoking behaviours: results from a prospective pilot study.

Background: IQOS is a heated tobacco product marketed as an alternative to combustible cigarette smoking. Little is known about cigarette smokers' IQOS health risk perceptions and if these risk perceptions impact IQOS use and cigarette smoking behaviour.

Methods: Adult, daily, non-treatment-seeking cigarette smokers (n=27), naïve to IQOS, were recruited from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.

Switching from cigarettes to IQOS: A pilot examination of IQOS-associated reward, reinforcement, and abstinence relief.

Background: It is unknown whether IQOS-associated decreases in cigarette craving, nicotine withdrawal, greater subjective reward, and relative reinforcing value predict subsequent switching from cigarettes to IQOS products.

Methods: Nontreatment-seeking adult daily smokers (n = 33; 18-65 years old) completed a within-subject pilot study consisting of a baseline ad-lib smoking period (days 1-5), two laboratory visits (days 6-7), and a two-week period where participants switch from using cigarettes to using IQOS (days 8-21). Mixed-effect modelling estimated the percentage of baseline cigarette consumption replaced by daily IQOS HeatSticks used.

Conditional Economic Incentives for HIV Treatment Adherence: Aligning Adolescent Developmental Hallmarks with Behavioral Economic Theory to Improve HIV Treatment Adherence.

Adolescent-tailored antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence interventions take place within the context of unique developmental stage. Suboptimal ART adherence among adolescents living with HIV in South Africa underscores that interventions are urgently needed to improve adherence. We conducted semistructured in-depth interviews with 35 adolescents aged 10-19 years living with HIV.

Effects of Very Low Nicotine Content Cigarette use on Cigarette Reinforcement among Smokers with Serious Mental Illness.

Background: Among people without psychiatric disorders who smoke, very low nicotine content (VLNC) cigarette use reduces cigarette reinforcement. Whether this is true of people with serious mental illness (SMI) who smoke is unknown. Using a hypothetical purchase task, we compared the effects of 6-week use of VLNC versus normal nicotine content (NNC) cigarettes on study cigarette and usual brand (UB) cigarette reinforcement among people with SMI who smoke.

Mediational pathways of tobacco use among adult daily smokers with psychiatric symptoms in the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) survey.

Introduction: Individuals with psychiatric conditions suffer disproportionately from tobacco-related morbidity and mortality, but the factors driving this relationship remain unclear. We used data from the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) to investigate whether associations between internalizing psychiatric symptoms and change in smoking heaviness (as measured by cigarettes per day (CPD) were mediated by self-reported respiratory symptoms, smoking risk perceptions, and cigarette dependence.

Methods: This study used data from PATH Waves 1 through 4 (2013-2017, n = 4,152).

Predicting Non-Adherence With Very Low Nicotine Content Cigarettes Among Adults With Serious Mental Illness Who Smoke.

Introduction: Reducing the nicotine content of cigarettes is a promising policy intervention to decrease cigarette dependence among people who smoke. Randomized trials support the potential efficacy of a reduced nicotine product standard for cigarettes. However, interpretation of such trials is challenged by incomplete adherence to the randomized treatment assignment, as some participants may continue to use commercial cigarettes not provided by the trial.

Psychometric Analysis of a Microenvironment Secondhand Smoke Exposure Questionnaire.

Background: We conducted a psychometric analysis of an adapted secondhand smoke (SHS) questionnaire by testing the three-component structure of the original scale that measures SHS exposure in home, work and social environments.

Methods: The 15-item questionnaire was administered to 839 daily smokers participating in a multi-site randomized controlled trial. Following parallel analysis, we conducted a confirmatory factor analysis specifying a three-factor structure.

The child ecosystem and childhood pulmonary tuberculosis: A South African perspective.

Introduction: This study investigates drivers of childhood pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) using a childhood ecosystem approach in South Africa. An ecosystem approach toward identifying risk factors for PTB may identify targeted interventions.

Methods: Data were collected as part of a prospective cohort study of children presenting at a primary care facility or tertiary hospital with possible TB.

Biopsychosocial mechanisms associated with tobacco use in smokers with and without serious mental illness.

Smokers with serious mental illness (SMI) are less responsive to cessation treatments than those without SMI. In this study, we compared smokers with and without SMI on validated measures of biological and psychosocial factors associated with tobacco use. Smokers with (n = 58) and without SMI (n = 83) who were enrolled in parallel clinical trials were compared on measures of carbon monoxide (CO) exposure, nicotine exposure, tobacco-specific nitrosamine exposure, craving, smoking motives, affect, perceived stress, environmental exposure to smoke/smokers, respiratory symptoms, tobacco-related health risk perceptions, and whether they had received recent advice to quit smoking from a health care provider.

Risk and protective factors for use among adolescents in South Africa.

Background: Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is publicly available in South Africa in response to the urgent need to address HIV and AIDS. Off-label use of ARV medication alone or in combination with other substances is known as "" and "" in South Africa. Diversion of ARVs for whoonga use is not well understood, especially among adolescents.

Recreational Use of HIV Antiretroviral Medication and Implications for HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis and Treatment.

Diversion of antiretroviral therapy (ART) for recreational use is concerning for countries with high HIV prevalence. This paper presents reports of recreational use of ART among adolescents from two HIV prevention studies in South Africa: (1) a cross-sectional survey of N = 200 adolescents and (2) a qualitative study of pre-exposure prophylaxis with N = 57 adolescents and N = 25 clinicians. Among adolescents, 3% used and 14% knew someone who used non-prescribed ART for recreational purposes.

Smoking Topography Characteristics During a 6-Week Trial of Very Low Nicotine Content Cigarettes in Smokers With Serious Mental Illness.

Introduction: A nicotine-reduction policy could have major benefits for smokers with serious mental illness (SMI). However, potential unintended consequences, such as compensatory smoking, should be considered to ensure that such a policy does not negatively affect this population. The purpose of this secondary analysis was to examine the impact of smoking very low nicotine content (VLNC) cigarettes for 6 weeks on smoking topography characteristics, indicators of compensatory smoking, among smokers with SMI.

Comparison of Ecological Momentary Assessment Versus Direct Measurement of E-Cigarette Use With a Bluetooth-Enabled E-Cigarette: A Pilot Study.

Background: Assessing the frequency and intensity of e-cigarette use presents special challenges beyond those posed by cigarette use. Accurate measurement of e-cigarette consumption, puff duration, and the stability of these measures over time will be informative for estimating the behavioral and health effects of e-cigarette use.

Objective: The purpose of this pilot study was to compare the accuracy of self-reported e-cigarette puff counts collected via ecological momentary assessment (EMA) to objective puff count data collected by a Bluetooth-enabled e-cigarette device and to examine the feasibility and acceptability of using a second-generation e-cigarette among adult smokers.

Early Subjective Sensory Experiences with "Cigalike" E-cigarettes Among African American Menthol Smokers: A Qualitative Study.

Introduction: Despite smoker interest in e-cigarettes as a harm reduction or cessation aid, many smokers prematurely discontinue vaping after trying a product. This study explored the role of early subjective sensory experiences in vaping persistence and desistance.

Methods: African American menthol cigarette smokers aged ≥18 years (N = 15; M = 54.

Compliance with Uruguay's single presentation requirement.

Introduction: Tobacco companies vary pack colours, designs, descriptors, flavours and brand names on cigarette packs to target a multitude of consumers. These different brand variants can falsely imply that some brand variants are less harmful than others. Uruguay is the only country that requires cigarette companies to adhere to a single presentation (one brand variant) per brand family.

The Moment Study: protocol for a mixed method observational cohort study of the Alternative Nicotine Delivery Systems (ANDS) initiation process among adult cigarette smokers.

Introduction: Alternative Nicotine Delivery Systems (ANDS) such as e-cigarettes are battery-powered devices that aerosolize nicotine and other substances to simulate smoking without using tobacco. Little is known about the ANDS initiation process among adult smokers. The aims of this research are threefold to: (1) examine how ANDS use affects cigarette use; (2) examine how the immediate environmental and psychosocial contexts of cigarette and ANDS use vary within-and between-participants in general and by menthol preference and race; and, (3) examine participants' 'lived experience' of the subjective perceptions, meaning, influences and utility of cigarette and ANDS use.