Comparison and predicted equation of energy expenditure during walking or running among Caucasians, African Americans and Asians.

Knowledge of measured energy expenditure (EE) during walking and running is important for exercise prescription. Further, research on the EE comparison and EE predicted equation during walking or running among different ethnicities is limited. The purpose of the current study was to compare EE to walk or run 1 mile in Caucasian, African American and Asian adults and to develop a regression equation to predict EE to walk or run 1 mile.

Red meat consumption, incident CVD and the influence of dietary quality in the Jackson Heart Study.

Objectives: We investigated the prospective associations between meat consumption and CVD and whether these relationships differ by dietary quality among African American (AA) adults.

Design: Baseline diet was assessed with a regionally specific FFQ. Unprocessed red meat included beef and pork (120 g/serving); processed meat included sausage, luncheon meats and cured meat products (50 g/serving).

Prediction and Cross-validation of an Energy Expenditure Equation in Walking or Running in Asian Adults.

Unlabelled: The prevalence of obesity is increasing across the world. Knowledge of the actual energy expenditure (EE) of walking and running can lead to a more precise exercise prescription which may contribute to obesity reduction or avoidance. Limited research has focused on EE prediction during walking or running in Asian adults.

Patterns of Beverages Consumed and Risk of Incident Kidney Disease.

Background And Objectives: Selected beverages, such as sugar-sweetened beverages, have been reported to influence kidney disease risk, although previous studies have been inconsistent. Further research is necessary to comprehensively evaluate all types of beverages in association with CKD risk to better inform dietary guidelines.

Design, Setting, Participants, & Measurements: We conducted a prospective analysis in the Jackson Heart Study, a cohort of black men and women in Jackson, Mississippi.

Dietary Phosphorus and Ambulatory Blood Pressure in African Americans: The Jackson Heart Study.

Background: Higher dietary phosphorus is associated with left ventricular hypertrophy and mortality, which are blood pressure (BP)-related outcomes. For this reason, we hypothesized that dietary phosphorus may be associated with adverse clinic and ambulatory BP patterns.

Methods: Our study included 973 African American adults enrolled in the Jackson Heart Study (2000-2004) with 24-hour ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM) data at baseline.

Protein Intake and Long-term Change in Glomerular Filtration Rate in the Jackson Heart Study.

Objective: Dietary protein intake could have deleterious renal effects in populations at risk for chronic kidney disease. Here, we examined whether higher protein intake (≥80th percentile of energy from protein) is associated with decline in kidney function and whether this decline varies by diabetes status.

Design: Observational cohort study.

Physical activity, body mass index and waist circumference change, and normal-range glycated hemoglobin on incident diabetes: Jackson Heart Study.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to 1) evaluate whether physical activity has a protective effect on incident diabetes among African Americans across combinations of body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC), 2) evaluate the effect of changes on BMI and WC on incident diabetes, and 3) evaluate the effect of 'normal range' glycated hemoglobin (A1C) on incident diabetes.

Methods: Data from the prospective Jackson Heart Study were evaluated, with baseline data assessed between 2001 and 2004 and follow-up data occurring between 2009 and 2013. Physical activity was assessed via a validated questionnaire, with measured BMI, WC and A1C assessed via standard procedures.

Association of kidney stones with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease among adults in the United States: Considerations by race-ethnicity.

Background: There is a paucity of research examining the relationship between kidney stones and risk of cardiovascular disease while considering individuals of different race-ethnicities.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the association between history of kidney stones and increased odds of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (via the Pooled Cohort Equations) across race-ethnicity groups.

Methods: 5571 participants aged 40-79 from the 2007-2012 cycles of the NHANES were used for this study.

Geographic Disparity in Funding for School Nutrition Environments: Evidence from Mississippi Schools.

Background: Despite the federal initiatives on equitable provision of school nutrition programs, geographic disparity in childhood obesity persists. It may be partly because built-in school nutrition environments rely on each school's efficient use of existing operational funds or its ability to obtain expanded financial support. This study explores how funding acquisition by schools is determined by local community characteristics and how it relates to healthy school meal offerings.

Genome-wide meta-analysis identifies six novel loci associated with habitual coffee consumption.

Coffee, a major dietary source of caffeine, is among the most widely consumed beverages in the world and has received considerable attention regarding health risks and benefits. We conducted a genome-wide (GW) meta-analysis of predominately regular-type coffee consumption (cups per day) among up to 91,462 coffee consumers of European ancestry with top single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) followed-up in ~30 062 and 7964 coffee consumers of European and African-American ancestry, respectively. Studies from both stages were combined in a trans-ethnic meta-analysis.

Dietary patterns, abdominal visceral adipose tissue, and cardiometabolic risk factors in African Americans: the Jackson heart study.

Objective: To examine the relative association of abdominal visceral adipose tissue (VAT) with cardiometabolic risk factors between African and European Americans.

Design And Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study of 2035 African Americans from Jackson Heart Study (JHS) and 3170 European Americans from Framingham Heart Study (FHS) who underwent computed tomography assessment of VAT and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT). The FHS participants were weighted to match the age distribution of the JHS participants and the metabolic risk factors were examined by study groups in relation to VAT.

Pedometer determined physical activity tracks in African American adults: the Jackson Heart Study.

Background: This study investigated the number of pedometer assessment occasions required to establish habitual physical activity in African American adults.

Methods: African American adults (mean age 59.9 ± 0.

Physical activity and obesity in African Americans: the Jackson Heart Study.

Objectives: To better understand how obesity and low levels of physical activity (PA) contribute to racial health disparities, we examined the association of PA domains (work, home life, and leisure) with indicators of socioeconomic status and markers of obesity in African Americans.

Methods: These cross sectional analyses of interview and clinical measures from the baseline visit of the Jackson Heart Study of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in African Americans of the Jackson, Mississippi metropolitan statistical area included 3,174 women and 1,830 men aged 21-95 years. The main measures were active living, sport, work, home life, and total PA scores; participation in regular moderate or vigorous intensity leisure physical activity (MVLPA); demographics, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and CVD risk factors.

Total antioxidant performance is associated with diet and serum antioxidants in participants of the diet and physical activity substudy of the Jackson Heart Study.

Total antioxidant performance (TAP) measures antioxidant capacities in both hydrophilic and lipophilic compartments of serum and interactions known to exist between them. Our objective was to assess TAP levels in a subset of Jackson Heart Study (JHS) participants and to examine associations with dietary and total (diet + supplement) intakes of alpha-tocopherol, gamma-tocopherol (diet only), beta-carotene, vitamin C, fruit, vegetables, and nuts, and serum concentrations of alpha-tocopherol, gamma-tocopherol, and beta-carotene. We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of 420 (mean age 61 y; 254 women) African American men and women participating in the Diet and Physical Activity Sub-Study of the JHS in Jackson, Mississippi.

Validity and calibration of food frequency questionnaires used with African-American adults in the Jackson Heart Study.

Objective: To examine the relative validity of two food frequency questionnaires (FFQs) developed for use in investigating diet and disease relationships within the adult African-American population in the southern United States.

Design: Cross-sectional analyses of dietary nutrient intake data, comparing four 24-hour dietary recalls with an FFQ developed by the Lower Mississippi Delta Nutrition Intervention Research Initiative, and its shorter version adapted for use in the Jackson Heart Study.

Subjects: A representative subset of participants (n=499, aged 35 to 81 years) from the baseline Jackson Heart Study cohort (N=5,302) was selected for this study.

Serum carotenoid and tocopherol concentrations vary by dietary pattern among African Americans.

Background: Intakes and biochemical concentrations of carotenoids and tocopherols have been associated with chronic diseases.

Objective: To describe dietary patterns in Jackson Heart Study participants and to determine if biochemical measurements of antioxidants differ across these.

Design: Cross-sectional analysis of data for 373 African-American men and women (age 35 to 80 years), participating in the Diet and Physical Activity Substudy of the Jackson Heart Study.

Carotenoid intakes, assessed by food-frequency questionnaires (FFQs), are associated with serum carotenoid concentrations in the Jackson Heart Study: validation of the Jackson Heart Study Delta NIRI Adult FFQs.

Objectives: Intake and status of carotenoids have been associated with chronic disease. The objectives of this study were to examine the association between carotenoid intakes as measured by two regional food-frequency questionnaires (FFQs) and their corresponding measures in serum, and to report on dietary food sources of carotenoids in Jackson Heart Study (JHS) participants.

Design: Cross-sectional analysis of data for 402 African American men and women participating in the Diet and Physical Activity Sub-Study (DPASS) of the JHS.

Total alpha-tocopherol intakes are associated with serum alpha-tocopherol concentrations in African American adults.

African Americans in the southern United States have a high prevalence of chronic disease. Tocopherol intake and status have been associated with protection against several chronic diseases. Our objectives were, therefore, to examine the association between tocopherol intakes as measured by 2 regional FFQ and their corresponding concentrations in serum and to report on dietary sources of tocopherols in 404 men and women participating in the cross-sectional Diet and Physical Activity Sub-Study of the Jackson Heart Study.

Physical activity assessment methods in the Jackson Heart Study.

Objectives: Physical activity measures used in exam 1 of the Jackson Heart Study (JHS), including the diet and physical activity substudy (DPASS), are described.

Design: The JHS physical activity (PAC) survey instrument was administered by interview. Accelerometer data, pedometer step counts, and additional questionnaire data were collected from volunteer subsamples of the cohort, including the DPASS.

Dietary assessment in African Americans: methods used in the Jackson Heart Study.

Objectives: The dietary assessment methods used in the Jackson Heart Study (JHS) with the entire cohort and a subset of the cohort who participated in a diet and physical activity substudy (DPASS) are reported. These methods were employed to validate culturally explicit data collection instruments developed by Delta Nutrition Intervention Research Initiative (NIRI) for assessing dietary intake in an all African-American cohort.

Design: A validation/calibration design was employed.

A regional food-frequency questionnaire for the US Mississippi Delta.

Objective: To describe food sources of nutrient intake for white and African American adults in the Lower Mississippi Delta (LMD), and their use in the development of a regional food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ) based on an earlier version of the National Cancer Institute's Health Habits and History Questionnaire.

Design: We ranked food sources of energy, macronutrients, vitamins and minerals, and examined portion size distributions for 842 white and 857 African American residents aged 19 years and older, using 24-hour dietary intake recall data from a telephone survey of 36 LMD counties. These values were used to develop a regional FFQ, which was then field-tested with 100 subjects and revised to improve interpretability.

Associations of whole-grain, refined-grain, and fruit and vegetable consumption with risks of all-cause mortality and incident coronary artery disease and ischemic stroke: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study.

Background: Recent epidemiologic study results showed that subjects who had high intakes of whole-grain foods had lower risks of death and heart disease than did subjects who had low intakes. However, the findings were inconsistent for fruit and vegetable intake.

Objective: The relations of whole-grain, refined-grain, and fruit and vegetable intakes with the risk of total mortality and the incidence of coronary artery disease (CAD) and ischemic stroke were studied in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) cohort (baseline: age 45-64 y, n = 15,792).

Obesity, physical inactivity, and risk for cardiovascular disease.

Despite considerable progress in understanding disease mechanisms and risk factors, improved treatments, and public education efforts, cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of death in the United States. Obesity and physical inactivity, 2 important lifestyle-related risk factors for CVD, are prevalent in the southeastern United States and are becoming more prevalent in all racial groups and areas of the country. In reviewing these risk factors, we explored topics including prevalence and trends in population data; associated psychosocial and environmental factors; and some of the mechanisms through which these risk factors are thought to contribute to CVD.