Genomic epidemiology of isolated from bloodstream infections in South America during 2019 supports regional surveillance.

remains one of the leading causes of infections worldwide and a common cause of bacteraemia. However, studies documenting the epidemiology of in South America using genomics are scarce. We hereby report on the largest genomic epidemiology study to date of both methicillin-resistant (MRSA) and methicillin-susceptible (MSSA) in South America, conducted by the StaphNET-SA network.

Characterization of Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus isolates containing lnuB gene responsible for the L phenotype.

Within the framework of the β-hemolytic streptococci surveillance carried out by the National Reference Laboratory from Uruguay, three putative Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus (SEZ) were received from different health centers. Being these the first reports associated with human infections in Uruguay, the objective of this work was to confirm their identification, to determine their genetic relationship and to study their antibiotic susceptibility.

The direct effect of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines on invasive pneumococcal disease in children in the Latin American and Caribbean region (SIREVA 2006-17): a multicentre, retrospective observational study.

Background: Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated from patients with invasive pneumococcal disease has been subjected to laboratory-based surveillance in Latin American and Caribbean countries since 1993. Invasive pneumococcal diseases remain a major cause of death and disability worldwide, particularly in children. We therefore aimed to assess the direct effect of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) on the distribution of pneumococcal serotypes causing invasive pneumococcal disease in children younger than 5 years before and after PCV introduction.

Tracing Back the Evolutionary Route of Enteroinvasive (EIEC) and Through the Example of the Highly Pathogenic O96:H19 EIEC Clone.

Enteroinvasive (EIEC) cause intestinal illness through the same pathogenic mechanism used by spp. The latter species can be typed through genomic and phenotypic methods used for and have been proposed for reclassification within species. Recently the first appearance of a highly pathogenic EIEC O96:H19 was described in Europe as the causative agent of two large outbreaks that occurred in Italy and in the United Kingdom.

Presence of genes encoding enterotoxins in Staphylococcus aureus isolates recovered from food, food establishment surfaces and cases of foodborne diseases.

The aim of this study was to describe the microbiological characteristics and profile of genes encoding enterotoxins in 95 Staphylococcus aureus isolates obtained between April 2011 and December 2014 from foodstuffs, persons and surfaces of retail food stores. After microbiological identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing, polymerase chain reactions (PCR) were performed, targeting sea, seb, sec, sed and see genes that code for classical enterotoxins (ET) A-E, and three additional genes: seg , seh and sei , coding for so-called "new enterotoxins" G, H and I. The isolates were characterized by Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE), and five selected isolates were further analyzed through Multi Locus Sequence Typing (MLST).

Analysis of plasmid-mediated quinolone and oxyimino-cephalosporin resistance mechanisms in Uruguayan Salmonella enterica isolates from 2011-2013.

This study characterised the mechanisms of fluoroquinolone and oxyimino-cephalosporin resistance in human Salmonella enterica isolates in Uruguay. Salmonella enterica isolates were collected from 2011-2013 and were selected based on non-susceptibility to ciprofloxacin and/or oxyimino-cephalosporins. The disk diffusion assay was performed for various antibiotics, and the ciprofloxacin minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined following CLSI guidelines.

Effect of pneumococcal conjugate vaccination in Uruguay, a middle-income country.

Background: In 2008, a 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) was introduced into the routine childhood immunization program in Uruguay, with a 2+1 schedule. In 2010, PCV13 replaced PCV7, and the same 2+1 schedule was used. The effect of these pneumococcal vaccines on the incidence of invasive pneumococcal infections (IPD) and on serotype distribution was analyzed retrospectively, based on passive national laboratory surveillance.

Effectiveness of the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine against vaccine-type invasive disease among children in Uruguay: an evaluation using existing data.

The 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) was introduced into the routine immunization program in Uruguay in March 2008 with a 2-dose primary series (given at 2 and 4 months) plus a booster (at 12 months) and a catch-up campaign (two doses given at 15 and 17 months). We used a case-control methodology and existing laboratory surveillance and immunization registry data from Uruguay to evaluate PCV7 effectiveness against vaccine-type invasive pneumococcal disease (VT-IPD). Cases of VT-IPD (with pneumococcus obtained from a normally sterile site) were identified through the National Reference Laboratory.

[Detection of rifampicin-resistant strains of Neisseria meningitidis in Uruguay].

The objective of this study was to characterize the phenotype and genotype of two isolates of rifampicin-resistant Neisseria meningitidis associated with two independent events involving transmission of severe meningococcal meningitis that occurred in September and October 2010 in Montevideo, Uruguay. The most recent 10 years of data from the national antimicrobial resistance surveillance system were reviewed to estimate the frequency of the particular meningococcal features that were characterized. Rifampicin resistance was studied using the epsilometer test.

Protection against Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 1 acute infection shows a signature of Th17- and IFN-γ-mediated immunity.

Acute pneumonia caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major cause of child mortality. Antibodies are considered the main effectors of protection in this clinical presentation of pneumococcal invasive disease. To get new insights into the mechanisms involved in the protective immunity, we established a murine experimental model of protection against acute pneumococcal pneumonia and then evaluated the transcriptional, humoral and cellular responses in protected and non-protected animals.

Laboratory-based surveillance of Streptococcus pneumoniae invasive disease in children in 10 Latin American countries: a SIREVA II project, 2000-2005.

Background: For the last 14 years the Pan American Health Organization has been promoting surveillance of invasive pneumococcal disease in Latin American children for better understanding of the disease tendencies regarding capsular types circulation in each country and susceptibility to antimicrobials.

Methods: Laboratory-based surveillance data from 10 Latin American countries collected from 2000 to 2005 were analyzed, including serotype distribution and susceptibility to beta-lactam antibiotics.

Results: Although 61 different capsular types were identified during the 6-year surveillance, 13 serotypes accounted for 86% of all isolates.

[Resistance to non-beta-lactam antibiotics in the clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae of children in Latin America. SIREVA II, 2000-2005].

Objective: To examine the development of resistance to erythromycin, chloramphenicol, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ), and vancomycin of the invasive isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae obtained from children in 10 Latin American/Caribbean countries during six years of surveillance.

Methods: Analysis of 8 993 isolates of S. pneumoniae recovered in 2000-2005 from children with invasive infections, who were less than 6 years of age, and from Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Mexico, Paraguay, Uruguay, or Venezuela.

Pneumococcal pneumonia in hospitalized Uruguayan children and potential prevention with different vaccine formulations.

Objectives: To provide information on pneumococcal pneumonias, on their associated serotypes, and to estimate the coverage potentially afforded by antipneumococcal vaccines.

Study Design: A retrospective study (2000 to 2004) was performed of patients with pneumococcal pneumonia aged 0 to 14 years admitted to the National Reference Children's Hospital in Uruguay. Selected clinical data, radiographic interpretation, and microbiologic reports were obtained for analysis.

Evolution of an international external quality assurance model to support laboratory investigation of Streptococcus pneumoniae, developed for the SIREVA project in Latin America, from 1993 to 2005.

In 1993 the Pan American Health Organization initiated a laboratory-based surveillance system, called the SIREVA project, to learn about Streptococcus pneumoniae invasive disease in Latin American children. In 1994, National Laboratories in six countries were trained to perform serotyping and antibiotic susceptibility testing using broth microdilution to determine the MIC for specified antibiotics. An international External Quality Assurance (EQA) program was developed to monitor and support ongoing laboratory performance.

Serotypes and clonal types of penicillin-susceptible streptococcus pneumoniae causing invasive disease in children in five Latin American countries.

We used multilocus sequencing typing (MLST) to determine the genetic backgrounds of 185 recent penicillin susceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates with serotypes that most frequently cause invasive disease in preschool age children in five Latin American countries-Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Mexico, and Uruguay. Most of the isolates were associated with pneumonia (90/185), meningitis (74/185), and bacteremia (17/185). The collection of strains included seven serotypes-14, 6B, 5, 1, 23 F-which represent the serotypes of S.

Dissemination of Streptococcus pneumoniae clone Colombia(5)-19 in Latin America.

Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 5 is the third most common capsular type causing invasive diseases in children younger than 5 years in Latin America. Preliminary data on Colombian serotype 5 isolates indicated a common clonal origin associated with resistance to tetracycline (TET) and chloramphenicol (CHL). We studied 172 S.

Frequencies of lipopolysaccharide-defined epitopes in Haemophilus influenzae type b and non-typable isolates determined with monoclonal antibodies.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the frequency of expression and stability of saccharide epitopes in 178 Haemophilus influenzae (39 type b and 138 non-typable) isolates from blood, cerebrospinal fluid, nasopharynx, pharynx, middle ear, conjunctiva, and pleural and bronchial fluid from symptomatic and asymptomatic children using five murine monoclonal antibodies (MAbs, MAHI 3, 4, 6, 8, 10) specific for the oligosaccharide moiety of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of H. influenzae, which recognize defined saccharide structures. METHODS: A whole bacteria enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and colony dot immunoblotting were used to determine the frequency of expression and stability of saccharide epitopes in the 178 H.