Estradiol and raloxifene protect cultured SN4741 neurons against oxidative stress.

A large body of research has documented neuroprotective effects of estrogen against oxidative stress. Some neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease, in which oxidative stress has been implicated as a contributing factor, affect more males than females, suggesting a possible protective effect of estrogen. We used the clonal substantia nigra cell line SN4741 to compare the neuroprotective properties of estrogen and raloxifene against oxidative stress, and to determine whether raloxifene acted as an estrogen agonist or antagonist in this system.

A FIELD STUDY OF GROWTH AND REPRODUCTION IN APLYSIA CALIFORNICA.

1. Observations of field growth rates, reproductive activities, and abundance of Aplysia calfiornica were made over a three-year period on Santa Catalina Island off southern California. 2.